Vocabulary
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| ___________ is a viral disease causing tobacco leaves to shrivel and assume a mosaic appearance | TOBACCO MOSAIC DISEASE
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| ___________ is a mosquito borne viral disease of the human liver and blood | YELLOW FEVER
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| ___________ have the ability to destroy bacterial cells | BACTERIOPHAGES
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| ___________ can be seen only with the electron microscope and must infect and take over a host cell in order to replicate | VIRUSES
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| The ______________ contains either DNA or RNA, but not both | VIRAL GENOME
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| A ___________ is the protein coat of a virus particle | CAPSID
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| ___________ are individual protein subunits which capsids are subdivided | CAPSOMERES
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| The __________ is the capsid with its enclosed genome | NUCLEOCAPSID
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| __________ are special capsid proteins that help attach the virus to the host cell and facilitate penetration of the cell | SPIKES
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| __________ are composed only of a nucleocapsid | NAKED VIRUSES
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| __________ are small, obligate intracellular parasites | VIRUSES
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| A __________ is a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell | VIRION
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| __________ is a flexible membrane that surrounds viruses | ENVELOPE
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| What is the envelope composed of? | LIPIDS & PROTEINS
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| The _________ are viruses surrounded by an envelope | ENVELOPED VIRUS
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| Viruses that exist in the form of a helix are ______________ | HELICAL SYMMETRY
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| What are 2 examples of Helical symmetry viruses? | RABIES & TOBACCO MOSAIC
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| What are the 3 shapes of viruses? | HELICAL, ISOCAHEDRAL & COMPLEX SYMMETRY
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| What are 2 examples of isocahedral symmetry viruses? | HERPES SIMPLEX & POLIOVIRUSES
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| Viruses that have both helical and isocahedral symmetry have ___________ | COMPLEX SYMMETRY
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| What are 2 examples of complex symmetry viruses? | BACTERIOPHAGES & POXVIRUSES
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| A __________ refers to what organisms the virus can infect | HOST RANGE
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| ____________ is the limitation in which viruses only infect certain cell types or tissues within the host | TISSUE TROPISM
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| What does ICTV stand for? | International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
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| How do retroviruses replicate? | INDIRECTLY THROUGH A DNA INTERMEDIATE
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| _____________ are virulent viruses that carry a lytic cycle of infection | T-EVEN GROUP BACTERIOPHAGES
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| _____________ is a 5 Step Process | THE REPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES
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| What are the 5 Phases of the replication of bacteriophages? | PHASE 1:ATTACHMENT PHASE 2: PENETRATION PHASE 3: BIOSYNTHESIS PHASE 4: MATURATION PHASE 5: RELEASE
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| ____________ is the first phase that occurs when a phage's tail fibers match with a receptor site on the bacterium's cell wall | PHASE 1: ATTACHMENT
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| ____________ is the second stage that occurs when the phage tail releases lysozyme to dissolve a portion of the cell wall and the DNA is injected into the bacterial cytoplasm | PHASE 2: PENETRATION
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| ___________ is the production of new phage genomes and capsid parts | PHASE 3: BIOSYNTHESIS
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| ___________ is the assembly of viral parts into complete virus particles | PHASE 4: MATURATION
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| ___________ is the exit of virions from the bacterium | PHASE 5: RELEASE
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| ___________ are virulent viruses that carry out a lytic cycle of infection | T-EVEN GROUP BACTERIOPHAGES
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| ___________ lyse the host cell while carrying out a lytic cycle of infection | VIRULENT VIRUSES
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| TRUE OR FALSE: TEMPERATE PHAGES DO NOT LYSE THE HOST, BUT INSERT THEIR DNA INTO THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOMES AS A PROPHAGE | TRUE
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| __________ is when virions exit from their bacterial shell and the cell ruptures | LYSIS STAGE
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| __________ is when phages interact with prokaryotic cells in a slightly different way | LYSOGENIC CYCLE
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| __________ are bacteriophages that participate in the lysogenic cycle | TEMPERATE PHAGES
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| __________ attach to host plasma membranes via spikes on the capsid or envelope | ANIMAL VIRUSES
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| __________ is a process by which insoluble materials are taken into a cell by invagination of the plasma | ENDOCYTOSIS
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| __________ is the separation of the capsid from the genome, as occurs as some animal viruses enter the cell | UNCOATING
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| __________ is the process when the virus pushes through the membrane ahead of it and around it, resulting in an envelope | BUDDING
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| __________ is when retroviruses carry their own enzyme | REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
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| __________ are DNA viruses and retroviruses that insert their genome into the host chromosome | PROVIRUS
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| The state of ___________ occurs when the provirus encodes a repressor protein that prevents activation of the viral genes necessary for replication | LATENCY
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| Some_________ block the ability of viruses to penetrate or uncoat in the host cell | ANTIVIRALS
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| TRUE OR FALSE: ANTIBIOTICS DO WORK AGAINST VIRUSES. WHY? | FALSE because VIRUSES LACK THE ELEMENTS WITH WHICH ANTIBIOTICS INTERFERE
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| The provirus encodes a ______________ that prevents activation of the viral genes necessary for replication | REPRESSOR PROTEIN
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| _____________ are immune to the host body's defenses and is ___________ each time the cell's chromosome is reproduced | LATENT PROVIRUSES, PROPAGATED
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| _____________ prevents the synthesis of DNA in retroviruses | REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
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| _____________ impeded the HIV protease that trims viral proteins in capsid construction | PROTEASE INHIBITORS
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| _____________ block an enzyme in the spike of influenzaviruses, preventing the release of new virions into the body | NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS
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| _____________ is a group of naturally produced proteins that alert cells to a viral infection | INTERFERON (IFN)
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| Some _____________ exist to affect viral penetration/uncoating, genome replication, or maturation/release | ANTIVIRALS
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| Most _____________ target the replication enzymes of the virus, inserting base analogs in the replicating DNA strand and blocking replication of the viral genome | ANTIVIRALS
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| TRUE OR FALSE: IFN's bind to receptors on cells, triggering them to produce antiviral proteins | TRUE
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| What series of bright red patches with pimple-like centers accompany Measles? | KOPLICK SPOTS
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| ____________ are a series of bright red patches with pimple-like centers accompany Measles | KOPLICK SPOTS
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| Who helped identify viruses? | THOMAS RIVERS
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| ___________ uses light microscopy to examine cells for cytopathic effects (CPEs) of viral infection | CYTOLOGY
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| __________ occurs when viruses replicate in host cells | CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS
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| __________ are multinucleate giant cells that are formed when paramyxoviruses cause host cells to fuse together | SYNCYTIA
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| __________ are cytoplasmic nucleoprotein inclusions found in the brain tissue of a rabid animal | NEGRI BODIES
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| __________ is an uncontrolled growth and spread of cells | CANCER
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| A ___________ is a clone of abnormal cells | TUMOR
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| A local tumor is designated __________ because it usually is not life threatening | BENIGN
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| A ________________ are tumor cells that break free from the capsule and spread to other tissues of the body | MALIGNANT TUMOR
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| ___________ occurs when tumor cells break out of the capsule | METASTASIS
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| In a __________________ the cells adhere to the bottom of a plastic dish or well and reproduce to form a single layer | PRIMARY CELL CULTURE
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| A _____________ is a single layer of cells | MONOLAYER
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| A _____________ occurs with the different cell types in a primary cell culture can be separated enzymatically and isolated as a single cell type | CELL LINE
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| ______________ is a clear zone within the cloudy "lawn" of bacterial cells or monolayer of animal cells | PLAQUE
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| ______________ occurs when epidemiologic surveys of several bacterial disease are aided by plaque formation | PHAGE TYPING
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| What percent of human cancers are associated with carcinogens? | 60%-90%
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| ______________ are chemical and physical agents that produce cellular changes leading to cancer | CARCINOGENS
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| A ____________ is a malignant tumor that begins growing in connective tissue | SARCOMA
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| ______________ is the conversion of a normal cell into a malignant cell brought about by the action of a carcinogen | TRANSFORMATION
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| A ____________ is a test to detect cancerous or precancerous cells of the cervix | PAP SMEAR
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| _____________ are tumor causing viruses | Oncogenic viruses
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| What are 2 examples of oncogenic viruses? | EPSTEIN-BARR & HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)
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| _____________ is linked to Burkitt Lymphoma | EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
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| _____________ is a tumor of the jaw | BURKITT LYMPHOMA
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| _____________ is associated with cervical cancer | HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
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| What is the 2nd most common cancer in women under 35? | CERVICAL CANCER
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| The ________________ suggests that protooncogenes normally reside in the chromosomal DNA of a cell | ONCOGENE THEORY
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| ____________ are protooncogenes that are captured in the viral genome | V-ONCOGENES
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| ____________ are normal genes that are the forerunners of oncogenes | PROTOONCOGENES
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| ____________ are a type of white blood cell important in immunity | B LYMPHOCYTES
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| ____________ are the result of viruses appearing for the first time in a population or rapidly expanding their host range with a corresponding increase in detectable disease | EMERGING DISEASES
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| What is one way "new" viruses arise? | GENETIC RECOMBINATION
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| ____________ allows 2 different viruses to reassort their genome sequences | GENETIC RECOMBINATION
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| The ___________________ hypothesis suggests that viruses are degenerate life forms | REGRESSIVE EVOLUTION
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| The ___________________ hypthesis suggests that viruses are derived from subcellular componets and macromolecules that escaped from cell walls and were able to replicate inside hosts | CELLULAR ORIGINS
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| The ___________________ hypothesis suggests viruses coevolved with cellular organisms from self-replicating molecule present on primitive Earth | INDEPENDENT ENTITIES
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| ___________ are infectious RNA particles | VIROIDS
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| ___________ are tiny fragments of RNA that cause diseases in crop plants | VIROIDS
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| ___________ are infectious proteins | PRIONS
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| What does TSE stand for? | TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ECEPHALOPATHIES
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| __________ occur in humans and other animals | TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ECEPHALOPATHIES
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| __________ are neurologic degenerative disease that can be transmitted within or between species | TSEs
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| __________ is the loss of memory | DEMENTIA
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| Who discovered the proteinaceous infectious particle (prion)? | STANLEY PRUSINER
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| The _____________ hypothesis predicts that prions are composed only of protein and contain no nucleic acids | PROTEIN-ONLY
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| _________ is the human form of TSE | VARIANT CJD (CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE)
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