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Chapter 13
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___________ is a viral disease causing tobacco leaves to shrivel and assume a mosaic appearance | TOBACCO MOSAIC DISEASE |
| ___________ is a mosquito borne viral disease of the human liver and blood | YELLOW FEVER |
| ___________ have the ability to destroy bacterial cells | BACTERIOPHAGES |
| ___________ can be seen only with the electron microscope and must infect and take over a host cell in order to replicate | VIRUSES |
| The ______________ contains either DNA or RNA, but not both | VIRAL GENOME |
| A ___________ is the protein coat of a virus particle | CAPSID |
| ___________ are individual protein subunits which capsids are subdivided | CAPSOMERES |
| The __________ is the capsid with its enclosed genome | NUCLEOCAPSID |
| __________ are special capsid proteins that help attach the virus to the host cell and facilitate penetration of the cell | SPIKES |
| __________ are composed only of a nucleocapsid | NAKED VIRUSES |
| __________ are small, obligate intracellular parasites | VIRUSES |
| A __________ is a completely assembled, infectious virus outside its host cell | VIRION |
| __________ is a flexible membrane that surrounds viruses | ENVELOPE |
| What is the envelope composed of? | LIPIDS & PROTEINS |
| The _________ are viruses surrounded by an envelope | ENVELOPED VIRUS |
| Viruses that exist in the form of a helix are ______________ | HELICAL SYMMETRY |
| What are 2 examples of Helical symmetry viruses? | RABIES & TOBACCO MOSAIC |
| What are the 3 shapes of viruses? | HELICAL, ISOCAHEDRAL & COMPLEX SYMMETRY |
| What are 2 examples of isocahedral symmetry viruses? | HERPES SIMPLEX & POLIOVIRUSES |
| Viruses that have both helical and isocahedral symmetry have ___________ | COMPLEX SYMMETRY |
| What are 2 examples of complex symmetry viruses? | BACTERIOPHAGES & POXVIRUSES |
| A __________ refers to what organisms the virus can infect | HOST RANGE |
| ____________ is the limitation in which viruses only infect certain cell types or tissues within the host | TISSUE TROPISM |
| What does ICTV stand for? | International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |
| How do retroviruses replicate? | INDIRECTLY THROUGH A DNA INTERMEDIATE |
| _____________ are virulent viruses that carry a lytic cycle of infection | T-EVEN GROUP BACTERIOPHAGES |
| _____________ is a 5 Step Process | THE REPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES |
| What are the 5 Phases of the replication of bacteriophages? | PHASE 1:ATTACHMENT PHASE 2: PENETRATION PHASE 3: BIOSYNTHESIS PHASE 4: MATURATION PHASE 5: RELEASE |
| ____________ is the first phase that occurs when a phage's tail fibers match with a receptor site on the bacterium's cell wall | PHASE 1: ATTACHMENT |
| ____________ is the second stage that occurs when the phage tail releases lysozyme to dissolve a portion of the cell wall and the DNA is injected into the bacterial cytoplasm | PHASE 2: PENETRATION |
| ___________ is the production of new phage genomes and capsid parts | PHASE 3: BIOSYNTHESIS |
| ___________ is the assembly of viral parts into complete virus particles | PHASE 4: MATURATION |
| ___________ is the exit of virions from the bacterium | PHASE 5: RELEASE |
| ___________ are virulent viruses that carry out a lytic cycle of infection | T-EVEN GROUP BACTERIOPHAGES |
| ___________ lyse the host cell while carrying out a lytic cycle of infection | VIRULENT VIRUSES |
| TRUE OR FALSE: TEMPERATE PHAGES DO NOT LYSE THE HOST, BUT INSERT THEIR DNA INTO THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOMES AS A PROPHAGE | TRUE |
| __________ is when virions exit from their bacterial shell and the cell ruptures | LYSIS STAGE |
| __________ is when phages interact with prokaryotic cells in a slightly different way | LYSOGENIC CYCLE |
| __________ are bacteriophages that participate in the lysogenic cycle | TEMPERATE PHAGES |
| __________ attach to host plasma membranes via spikes on the capsid or envelope | ANIMAL VIRUSES |
| __________ is a process by which insoluble materials are taken into a cell by invagination of the plasma | ENDOCYTOSIS |
| __________ is the separation of the capsid from the genome, as occurs as some animal viruses enter the cell | UNCOATING |
| __________ is the process when the virus pushes through the membrane ahead of it and around it, resulting in an envelope | BUDDING |
| __________ is when retroviruses carry their own enzyme | REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE |
| __________ are DNA viruses and retroviruses that insert their genome into the host chromosome | PROVIRUS |
| The state of ___________ occurs when the provirus encodes a repressor protein that prevents activation of the viral genes necessary for replication | LATENCY |
| Some_________ block the ability of viruses to penetrate or uncoat in the host cell | ANTIVIRALS |
| TRUE OR FALSE: ANTIBIOTICS DO WORK AGAINST VIRUSES. WHY? | FALSE because VIRUSES LACK THE ELEMENTS WITH WHICH ANTIBIOTICS INTERFERE |
| The provirus encodes a ______________ that prevents activation of the viral genes necessary for replication | REPRESSOR PROTEIN |
| _____________ are immune to the host body's defenses and is ___________ each time the cell's chromosome is reproduced | LATENT PROVIRUSES, PROPAGATED |
| _____________ prevents the synthesis of DNA in retroviruses | REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS |
| _____________ impeded the HIV protease that trims viral proteins in capsid construction | PROTEASE INHIBITORS |
| _____________ block an enzyme in the spike of influenzaviruses, preventing the release of new virions into the body | NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS |
| _____________ is a group of naturally produced proteins that alert cells to a viral infection | INTERFERON (IFN) |
| Some _____________ exist to affect viral penetration/uncoating, genome replication, or maturation/release | ANTIVIRALS |
| Most _____________ target the replication enzymes of the virus, inserting base analogs in the replicating DNA strand and blocking replication of the viral genome | ANTIVIRALS |
| TRUE OR FALSE: IFN's bind to receptors on cells, triggering them to produce antiviral proteins | TRUE |
| What series of bright red patches with pimple-like centers accompany Measles? | KOPLICK SPOTS |
| ____________ are a series of bright red patches with pimple-like centers accompany Measles | KOPLICK SPOTS |
| Who helped identify viruses? | THOMAS RIVERS |
| ___________ uses light microscopy to examine cells for cytopathic effects (CPEs) of viral infection | CYTOLOGY |
| __________ occurs when viruses replicate in host cells | CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS |
| __________ are multinucleate giant cells that are formed when paramyxoviruses cause host cells to fuse together | SYNCYTIA |
| __________ are cytoplasmic nucleoprotein inclusions found in the brain tissue of a rabid animal | NEGRI BODIES |
| __________ is an uncontrolled growth and spread of cells | CANCER |
| A ___________ is a clone of abnormal cells | TUMOR |
| A local tumor is designated __________ because it usually is not life threatening | BENIGN |
| A ________________ are tumor cells that break free from the capsule and spread to other tissues of the body | MALIGNANT TUMOR |
| ___________ occurs when tumor cells break out of the capsule | METASTASIS |
| In a __________________ the cells adhere to the bottom of a plastic dish or well and reproduce to form a single layer | PRIMARY CELL CULTURE |
| A _____________ is a single layer of cells | MONOLAYER |
| A _____________ occurs with the different cell types in a primary cell culture can be separated enzymatically and isolated as a single cell type | CELL LINE |
| ______________ is a clear zone within the cloudy "lawn" of bacterial cells or monolayer of animal cells | PLAQUE |
| ______________ occurs when epidemiologic surveys of several bacterial disease are aided by plaque formation | PHAGE TYPING |
| What percent of human cancers are associated with carcinogens? | 60%-90% |
| ______________ are chemical and physical agents that produce cellular changes leading to cancer | CARCINOGENS |
| A ____________ is a malignant tumor that begins growing in connective tissue | SARCOMA |
| ______________ is the conversion of a normal cell into a malignant cell brought about by the action of a carcinogen | TRANSFORMATION |
| A ____________ is a test to detect cancerous or precancerous cells of the cervix | PAP SMEAR |
| _____________ are tumor causing viruses | Oncogenic viruses |
| What are 2 examples of oncogenic viruses? | EPSTEIN-BARR & HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV) |
| _____________ is linked to Burkitt Lymphoma | EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS |
| _____________ is a tumor of the jaw | BURKITT LYMPHOMA |
| _____________ is associated with cervical cancer | HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS |
| What is the 2nd most common cancer in women under 35? | CERVICAL CANCER |
| The ________________ suggests that protooncogenes normally reside in the chromosomal DNA of a cell | ONCOGENE THEORY |
| ____________ are protooncogenes that are captured in the viral genome | V-ONCOGENES |
| ____________ are normal genes that are the forerunners of oncogenes | PROTOONCOGENES |
| ____________ are a type of white blood cell important in immunity | B LYMPHOCYTES |
| ____________ are the result of viruses appearing for the first time in a population or rapidly expanding their host range with a corresponding increase in detectable disease | EMERGING DISEASES |
| What is one way "new" viruses arise? | GENETIC RECOMBINATION |
| ____________ allows 2 different viruses to reassort their genome sequences | GENETIC RECOMBINATION |
| The ___________________ hypothesis suggests that viruses are degenerate life forms | REGRESSIVE EVOLUTION |
| The ___________________ hypthesis suggests that viruses are derived from subcellular componets and macromolecules that escaped from cell walls and were able to replicate inside hosts | CELLULAR ORIGINS |
| The ___________________ hypothesis suggests viruses coevolved with cellular organisms from self-replicating molecule present on primitive Earth | INDEPENDENT ENTITIES |
| ___________ are infectious RNA particles | VIROIDS |
| ___________ are tiny fragments of RNA that cause diseases in crop plants | VIROIDS |
| ___________ are infectious proteins | PRIONS |
| What does TSE stand for? | TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ECEPHALOPATHIES |
| __________ occur in humans and other animals | TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ECEPHALOPATHIES |
| __________ are neurologic degenerative disease that can be transmitted within or between species | TSEs |
| __________ is the loss of memory | DEMENTIA |
| Who discovered the proteinaceous infectious particle (prion)? | STANLEY PRUSINER |
| The _____________ hypothesis predicts that prions are composed only of protein and contain no nucleic acids | PROTEIN-ONLY |
| _________ is the human form of TSE | VARIANT CJD (CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE) |
Created by:
LM83
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