Disorders in Immunity
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| Regulation of Immunity | The immune system must be carefully controlled
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| What is Hyposensitivity? | it means its little sensitivity; too little expression (get sick)
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| What is Hypersensitivity? | it mean its a lot of activity; too much expression (damage self)
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| What is Immunopathology? | the study of disease states associated with over-activity or under-activity of the immune response
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| Allergy and Hypersensitivities | Type 1: Immediate (IgE and histamine)
Type 2: Cytotoxic (IgG and complement)
Type 3: Immune Complex (IgG complexes)
Type 4: Delayed (Tcells and cytokines)
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| Type 1: Immediate: Allergy | altered relativity or exaggerated immune response manifested by inflammation
*Atopy - chronic local allergy (hay, fever, asthma, etc.)
*Anaphylaxis- Systemic, sometimes fatal reaction
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| Type 1: Immediate: Hypersensitivity | sometimes used interchangeably with allergy, but some consider this to be delayed reaction
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| Type 1: Immediate: Allergens | the antigen to which allergic individuals are sensitive
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| Nature of Allergens: Inhalants | Airbone environmental allergens
example: Pollen
Dust
Mold spores
Dander
Animal hair
Insect parts
Formalin
Drugs
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| Nature of Allergens: Ingestants | Allergens that enter by mouth
example: Food (milk,
peanuts, wheat,
shellfish,
soybeans, nuts,
eggs, fruits)
Food additives
Drugs (aspirin,
penicillin)
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| Nature of Allergens: Injectant allergies | side effect of drugs or other substances used in diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease; naturally through venom from stings
Examples: Hymenopteran
venom (bee,
wasp)
Drugs
Vaccines
Serum
Enzymes
Hormones
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| Nature of Allergens: Contactants | Allergens that enter through the skin
Example: Drugs
Cosmetics
Heavy metals
Detergents
Formalin
Latex
Glue
Solvents
Dyes
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| Cytokines | chemical produced by mast cells and basophilis
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| What is a Mast Cell? | A nonmotile connective tissue cell implanted along capillaries, especially in the lungs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Like a basophil, its granules store mediators of allergy.
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| What is a basophils? | A motile polymorphonuclear leukocyte that binds IgE. The basophilic cytoplasmic granules contain mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy.
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| Cytokines: Histamine | *Stimulates smooth muscle, glands, and eosinophils
*Responsible for wheal and flare reaction (hives), pruritus (itchiness), and headache
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| Cytokines: Serotonin | *Effects appear to complement those of histamine
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| Cytokines: Leukotriene | *Induces gradual contraction of smooth muscle (headaches)
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| Histamine, Serotonin, and Leukotriene | Are chemicals that get release
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| Diseases Associated with IgE and Mast- Cell Mediated Allergy | Atopic Diseases- Hay fever (allergic rhinitis reaction to pollen or molds), Asthma (severe bronchoconstriction)
Atopic Dermatitis- intense itchy inflammatory condition of the skin (eczema)
*Food allergy
*Drug allergy
*Anaphylaxis
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| Food Allergy | Gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain)
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| Food Allergy Other symptoms | eczema, hives, rhinitis (runny nose), and occasionally anaphylaxis
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| Most common food allergens | peanuts, fish, cow's milk, eggs. shellfish, and soybeans
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| What does classic food hypersensitivity involves? | IgE and degranulation of mast cells
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| Drug Allergy | Virtually any tissue can be affected
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| In Drug Allergy, reactions range from what? | mild atopic to fatal anaphylaxis
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| In the drug allergy the actual allergen what? | not the drug itself but a hapten given off when the liver processes the drug
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| What is Anaphylaxis? | Greatly amplified response of chemical mediators
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| In Anaphylaxis when have death occurred? | Within 15 Minutes
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| What is Curaneous anaphylaxis? | wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to a local injection of allergen
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| What is Systemic anaphylaxis? | sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal
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| Diagnosis of Allergy In vitro methods | *measure elevated blood levels of tryptase
*differential blood cell count
*leukocyte histamine release test- inject and measure level
*serological tests that measure levels of IgE to specific antigen
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| Diagnosis of Allergy skin testing | wheal and flare rxsn
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| Diagnosis of Allergy Treatment | *avoid allergen
*take drugs that block the actions of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical medication
*Undergo desensitization therapy
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| What does Drugs do to Block Allergy? | Block the progress of allergic response between IgE production and symptoms
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| Drugs to Block Allergy: Corticosteriods | inhibit lymphocytes (b-cells and t-cells)
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| Drugs to Block Allergy: Antihistamines | fight against histamines
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| Drugs to Block Allergy: Asprin | prostaglandin inhibition
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| Drugs to Block Allergy: Cromolyn | prevents degranulation of mast cells
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| Drugs to Block Allergy: Epinephrine | opens airways
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| Drugs to Block Allergy | Any drugs that blocks synthesis of leukotrienes and inactive IgE's
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| Type 2 Hypersensitivities | *Reactions that lyse foreign cells
*Complex group of syndromes that involve complement- assisted lysis of cells by IgG and IgM directed against those cells surface antigens
*Includes transfusion reactions and some type of autoimmunities
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| Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types | *ABO blood groups
*ABO antigen markers on RBCs are genetically determined ad composed of glycoproteins
*Result in 4 blood types
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| What are the for blood types? | Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
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| Immunodeficiency Disease | Hyposensitivity of the immune system diease
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| How can you get Immunodeficiency Disease? | Congenital (at birth) and usually stemming from genetic errors
Secondary diseases: acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents
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| Deficiencies in B-Cells (AB) | usually appears as an abnormality in immunoglobulin expression
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| Deficiencies in B-Cells: Agammaglobulinemia | rare condition of the absence of gamma globulin
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| Symptoms of Agammaglobulinemia | recurrent, serious bacterial infections
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| In Agammaglobulinemia what deficiency is most prevalent? | IgA
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| Deficiencies in T-Cells (CMI) | result in a broad spectrum of disease
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| when is Deficiencies in B-Cells most severe? | When involve the congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland
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| Examples of Deficiencies in B-Cells | *DiGeorge syndrome (boy in a "bubble")
*defect in thymus
*t-cells do not mature
*cellular defenses are diminished
*Highly susceptible to viral infections
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| What is SCIDs? | Severe combinded (B-cells and T-cells) immunodeficiencies (SCIDs)
Some due to complete absence of lymphocyte stem cell
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| How is Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases caused? | caused by infection, organ disease, chemotherapy, and radiation
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| What does Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to? | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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