Biology Chapter 45
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| community | Assemblage of species interacting with one another within the same environment.
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| species richness | Number of species in a community.
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| species diversity | Variety of species that make up a community.
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| island biogeography model | Proposes that the biodiversity on an island is dependent on its distance from the mainland, with islands located a greater distance having a lower level of diversity.
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| habitat | Place where an organism lives and is able to survive and reproduce.
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| ecological niche | Role an organism plays in its community, including its habitat and its interactions with other organisms.
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| Abiotic Factors | Nonliving examples: Climate, Habitat
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| Biotic Factors | Living examples: competitors, parasites, and predators
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| competitive exclusion principle | Theory that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same place and at the same time.
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| resource partitioning | Mechanism that increases the number of niches by apportioning the supply of a resource, such as food or living space, between species.
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| character displacement | Tendency for character-istics to be more divergent when similar species belong to the same community than when they are isolated from one another.
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| predation | Interaction in which one organism (the predator) uses another (the prey) as a food source.
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| predator | Organism that practices predation.
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| prey | Organism that provides nourishment for a predator.
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| camouflage | Process of hiding from predators in which an organism’s behavior, form, and pattern of coloration allow it to blend into the background and prevent detection.
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| mimicry | Superficial resemblance of two or more species; a survival mechanism that avoids predation by appearing to be noxious.
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| symbiosis | Relationship that occurs when two different species live together in a unique way; it may be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to one or both species.
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| parasitism | Symbiotic relationship in which one species (the parasite benefits in terms of growth and reproduction to the detriment of the other species (the host).
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| parasite | Species that is dependent on a host species for survival, usually to the detriment of the host species.
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| host | Organism that provides nourishment and/or shelter for a parasite.
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| commensalism | Symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
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| mutualism | Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit in terms of growth and reproduction.
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| coevolution | Mutual evolution in which two species exert selective pressures on the other species.
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| ecosystem | Biological community together with the associated abiotic environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a cycling of inorganic nutrients.
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| autotroph | Organism that can capture energy and synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients.
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| producer | Photosynthetic organism at the start of a grazing food chain that makes its own food—e.g., green plants on land and algae in water.
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| heterotroph | Organism that cannot synthesize needed organic compounds from inorganic substances and therefore must take in organic food
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| consumer | Organism that feeds on another organism in a food chain generally; primary consumers eat plants, and secondary consumers eat animals.
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| herbivore | Primary consumer in a grazing food chain; a plant eater.
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| carnivore | Consumer in a food chain that eats other animals.
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| omnivore | Organism in a food chain that feeds on both plants and animals.
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| detritivore | Any organism that obtains most of its nutrients from the detritus in an ecosystem.
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| decomposer | Organism, usually a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that can be recycled in the environment.
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| food web | In ecosystems, a complex pattern of interlocking and crisscrossing food chains.
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| food chain | The order in which one population feeds on another in an ecosystem, thereby showing the flow of energy from a detritivore (detrital food chain) or a producer (grazing food chain) to the final consumer.
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| trophic level | Feeding level of one or more populations in a food web
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| ecological pyramid | Visual depiction of the biomass, number of organisms, or energy content of various trophic levels in a food web—from the producer to the final consumer populations.
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| Fundamental Niche | All conditions under which organisms can survive.
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| Realized Niche | Set of conditions under which it exists in nature (predators, competition,etc)
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| Batesian mimicry | Mimicry lacks defense of the orgainsm it resembles.
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| Mullrian mimicry | Mimic shares a protective defense with other species.
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