Review for NUR304
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| Causes of Postrenal Failure | Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones), Enlarged Prostate, Neurogenic Bladder
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| Causes of Intrarenal Failure | Glomerulonephritis, Vascular damage, Bilateral acute pyelonephritis, Renal structure damage (Nephrons)
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| Causes of Prerenal Failure | Acute blood loss/hemorrhage, hypolovemia, hypotension
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| Postrenal consequences | Urinary retention, pain, azotemia (increase in BUN & Creatine)__
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| Intrarenal consequences | Oliguria, azotemia (increase in BUN & Creatine), hyperkalemia
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| Prerenal consequences | Azotemia (increase in BUN & Creatine), parynchema damage if decreased perfusion to kidneys is prolonged
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| Ulcerative Collitis | Chronic illness, inflammation of large intestine, episodic with bloody stools, develops psuedopolyps
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| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia clinical manifestations | Increased frequency, feeling of incomplete bladder emptying, dribbling, decreased force of urine stream, difficulty initiating stream
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| Lower urinary tract infections causes | Escherichia Coli (most common), wiping back to front, holding urine for long periods of time, not voiding after sex, tight synthetic underwear, bowel incontinence
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| Aldosterone | Hormone that promotes sodium and water re-absorption and excretion of potassium
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| RAAS activation sequence | Decreased renal blood flow causes Renin to be released which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme to angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the release of aldosterone
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| Hemoconcentration | A ratio > 3 between the hemoglobin and hematocrit. Divide the hematocrit by the hemoglobin (HCT/Hgb)
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| Arterial end of capillary | Increased Blood Pressure, Increased Hydrostatic Pressure, Decreased Oncotic Pressure
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| Venous end of capillary | Decreased Blood Pressure, Decreased Hydrostatic Pressure, Increased Oncotic Pressure
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| Hydrostatic Pressure | Pushes fluid out of the capillaries
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| Colloid Osmotic Pressure | Pulls fluid into its compartments
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| Angiotensin-converting hormone | In pulmonary vessels, Converts Angentensin I into Angiotensin II, Part of the RAAS
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| Hypercalcemia causes | Hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, excess vitamin D
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| Hypercalcemia clinical manifestations | Kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, bone pain, fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation
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| Hypocalcemia causes | Blood administration, Inadequate intestinal absorption, Vitamin D deficiency
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| Hypocalcemia clinical manifestations | Increased neuromuscular excitability, tingling, muscle spasms, intestinal cramping, tetany, convulsions, arrhythmias, stridor
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| Hypermagnesemia causes | Renal insufficiency / Failure, Excessive intake of magnesium-containing antacids, Adrenal insufficiency
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| Hypermagnesemia clinical manifestations | Loss of deep tendon reflexes, Hypotension, Skeletal smooth muscle contraction, Excess nerve function, Nausea and vomiting, Muscle weakness
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| Hypomagnesemia causes | Alcoholism, Malnutrition , Malabsorption syndromes, Urinary losses, Renal tubular dysfunction , Loop diuretics
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| Hypomagnesemia clinical manifestations | Behavioral changes, Irritability, Increased reflexes, Muscle cramps, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Tetany, Convulsions , Tachycardia , Hypotension
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| Hyperkalemia causes | Increased intake, Shift of K+ from ICF into ECF, Decreased renal excretion, Insulin deficiency, Cell trauma
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| Hyperkalemia clinical manifestations | Peaked T waves, Muscle cramps, weakness, paralysis, hypotension, drowsiness, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
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| Hypokalemia causes | Alcoholism, Reduced intake of potassium, Dietary deficiency of potassium, Diarrhea, Intestinal drainage tubes, Fistulae, Laxative abuse
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| Hypokalemia clinical manifestations | Prominent U waves, Confusion, Constipation, Skeletal muscle weakness, Nausea & Vomiting, Anorexia, Paralytic ileus, Smooth muscle atony, Cardiac dysrhythmias, ST segment is depressed
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| Calcium Levels | Normal Range 8.8 to 10.5 mg/dl
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| Magnesium Levels | Normal Range 1.8 to 3.0 mEq/L
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| Potassium Levels | Normal Range 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
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| Sodium Levels | Normal Range 135 to 145 mEq/L
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| Hypernatremia causes | Infusion of hypertonic saline solutions, Renal impairment, Heart failure, Gastrointestinal losses, Oversecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or aldosterone, Cushing syndrome, Adrenal hyperplasia, Near salt water drowning
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| Hypernatremia clinical manifestations | Bounding Pulse, Thirst, Weight gain, Increased blood pressure, Muscle twitching, Hyperreflexia, Confusion, Coma, Convulsions
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| Hyponatremia causes | Compulsive water drinking, Loss of sodium, Inadequate sodium intake, Dilution of sodium by water excess
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| Hyponatermia clinical manifestations | Headache, Pulmonary congestion, Presence of S3, Bounding pulse, Pitting edema, Increased blood pressure, Confusion
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | Destruction of beta cells in pancreas, usually juvenile onset, commonly leads to hyperglycemia if not treated
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | Insulin resistance, usually adult onset__
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| Hyperglycemia | Blood Glucose >110 mg/dL in a fasting state or >140 mg/dL when not fasting
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| Hypoglycemia | Blood Glucose < 70 mg/dL
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| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | Usually found in DM Type 1, slow onset of hyperglycemia, Kussmaul respirations develop, fruity or acetone odor to breath, lethargy, coma, blood glucose level required for severity of hyperglycemia
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| Hypoglycemia clinical manifestations | Irritability, Headache, Shaking, Sweating, Feeling Tired, Weakness, Hunger, Clammy Skin, Skin cool to touch
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| Metabolic Syndrome | Must have 3 of the following: Waist circumference> 40 inches Men or > 35 inches Women, Plasma triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl, HDL < 40 mg/dl for Men or < 50 mg/dl for Women, BP ≥ 130/85 mm Hg, Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl
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| Hyperglycemia clinical manifestations | Polyuria, Polydypsia, Polyphagia, Dehydration, Unexplained weight loss, Fatigue
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| Chain of Infection | Infectious disease, Reservoir, Portal of exit, Mode of transmission, Portal of entry, Susceptible host,
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| Cystitis | Bladder infection characterized by Urinary frequency, Dysuria, Suprapubic pain, and confusion (especially in the elderly), Urgency, Nocturia, Hematuria, Fever / Chills, Urethral Discharge (Males)
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| Glomerulonephritis | Clinical manifestations are red blood cell casts, proteinuria, oliguria, nephrotic frost
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| Interstitial cystitis | Non-infectious (negative urine cultures), No known cause, Most common in 20 to 30 year old women, Bladder fullness, Frequency, Small urine volume, non-curable
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| Acute Pyelonephritis | Urgency, Frequency, Burning, Dysuria, Nocturia, Hematuria, Cloudy, Ammonia/fish odor, Temp ≥ 102°F (38.9°C), Chills, Flank Pain, Anorexia, General Fatigue
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| Viral Infection Labs | Elevated lymphocytes and monocytes__
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| Parasitic Infection Labs | Elevated monocytes and eosinophils__
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| Bacterial Infection Labs | Elevated WBC and neutrophils
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| Health care-associated Pneumonia (HCAP) | Pneumonia in recently hospitalized, residence in a nursing home or extended care facility, home infusion therapy, chronic dialysis, home wound care
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| Hospital acquired Pneumonia (HAP) | Pneumonia acquired in a hospital and is currently hospitalized__
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| Community acquired Pneumonia (CAP) | Most common reason for hospitalization__
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| Ventilator acquired Pneumonia (VAP) | Nosocomial infection in intubated clients__
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