Psych part2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| cell body | soma, includes nucleus and mitochondria
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| dendrite | where information comes into the cell, includes dendrites spines
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| Axon | where the information travels or goes through,includes Myelin, nodes of Ranvier, axon terminals (terminal buttons)
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| Myelin | fatty substance surrounding the Axon that speeds the ability of neurons to communicate with each other
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| Nodes of Ranvier | exposed bits of Axon (in between myelin)
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| Schwann cells | attach themselves to the Axon and as they grow, they completely coat the axon multiple times surrounding the axon (that is the myelin), insulate the axon for better electrical connections
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| (Axon) Presynaptic terminals | where communication occurs, where information comes out of, connects to muscle
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| input zone | dendrites, cell body
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| conducting zone | axon, cell body, dendrites
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| output zone | axon terminals
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| The law of forward conduction | information travels through a neuron always in the same direction
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| Communicate by changes in rate of firing | Nerve impulses are always of the same magnitude, the rate only changes
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| Neurons fire in all-or-none fashion | Needs chemical changes at the axon pila to generate a nerve impulse, if there is no chemical change then there is no nerve impulse
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| membranes | cell walls
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| Ions | atoms or group of atoms that carry an electric charge
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| Gated ion channel | sometimes open and sometimes closed, has the ability to close, stop and allow the flow of ions
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| Semi-permeable ion channel | they will allow the passage of some ions and not others, the channel might be so small that large ions cannot get through
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| Electrostatic force | ions of different electrical charge will want to go in the direction of their opposites
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| Diffusion force | down a concentration gradient, “resting” potential because they are still waiting for their purpose but firing of neurons are still happening
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| Resting potential | More negatively charged particles inside neuron and more positively charged particles outside neurons, an electrical polarization across the membrane of an axon
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| graded potential |
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| action potential | an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel
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| potential |
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| glia |
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| terminal bouton | presynaptic ending
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| neurotransmitter | a chemical that can activate receptors on other neurons
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| post-synapse neuron | the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
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| physiological explanation | describes the mechanism that produces a behavior
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| evolutionary explanation | relates behavior to the evolutionary history of the species
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| electroencephalograph (EEG) | uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity
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| magnetoencephalograph (MEG) | records magnetic changes in the brain electrical activity
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| unexplained performance syndrome |
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| positronemission tomography (PET) | records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxygen in different brain areas
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| central nervous system | consists of the brain and the spinal cord, communicates with the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system
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| peripheral nervous system | consists of bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body
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| autonomic nervous system | the peripheral nerves that control the heart, stomach, and other internal organs (that are involuntary)
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| cerebral cortex | outer covering of the forebrain
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| Gated ion channel | sometimes open and sometimes closed, has the ability to close, stop and allow the flow of ions
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| Semi-permeable ion channel | they will allow the pasage of some ions and not others, the channel might be so small that large ions cannot get through
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| Acetylcholine (Ach): | released at skeletal muscles
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| Dopamine (DA): | movement, attention, learning
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| Loss of dopamine | Parkinson’s disease
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| Norepinephrine (NE): | wakefulness
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| Serotonin (5-HT): | eating, sleep, pain
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| Endogenous opioids (endorphin) (internally occurring) (morph like substances): | analgesia, reinforcement, A long distance runner will release this early in a race so that their muscles do not hurt as much, Taste
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| Temporal lobe | Auditory cortex, Aspects of emotion, Verbal comprehension (lateralized)
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| Occipital lobe | Visual cortex
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| amygdala | a subcortical structure deep within the temporal lobe, responds strongly to emotional situations
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| frontal lobe | primary motor cortex, aspects of memory (planning), speech production (lateralized), evolutionary new piece of the brain, phineas gage, personality (maybe)
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| parietal lobe | somatosensory cortex, specialized for the body sense (touch, pain, temperature, awareness of location of body parts in space) (phantom limbs)
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| somatosensory cortex | awareness of location of body parts in space
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| prefrontal cortex | anterior sections of the frontal lobe that contribute to certain aspects of memory and to the organization and planning of movements (decision making)
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| Cerebrum | Rapid movement, Smooth movement, Parkinson’s disease can be found here iv. Timing
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