sense organs Part 1
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| (2) define stimulation | any stimuli the body is aware of
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| (2) name 3 things we are not aware of AND why is this? | x-rays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light
BECAUSE we have no sensory receptors for those stimuli
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| (3) 6 types of sensations | touch, pain, temperature, vibration, hearing, vision
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| (3)can a specific sensory neuron respond to multiple stimuli? | No, they are specific
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| (3)how many sensory modalities are there? | 2
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| (3) name the 2 sensory modalities | general senses, specific senses
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| (3) what are your general senses | somatic senses from body walls, visceral senses from internal organs
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| (3) what are special senses | smell, taste, hearing, vision, balance
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| (4) a stimulation is transduced into a ...? | graded potential
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| (4) will a sensation stimulus that turns into a graded potential typically propagate? | NO, due to the leakage of sodium ions
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| (4) what happens when the graded potential reaches its threshold? | it generates impulses
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| (4) all this sensory information is integrated where? | The CNS
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| (5) are all sensory receptors the same structure? | NO
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| (5) what are the 2 structures of sensory receptors? | general and specific
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| (5) are general sensory receptors visceral? if not what are they? | no, SOMATIC
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| (5) name 4 general sensory receptors that have NO structural specialization | pain, tickle, itch, temperatures
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| (5) what general sensory receptors do have structural specializations | touch, pressure, vibration
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| (5) which type of sensory receptors are complex (general OR Special) | special sensory receptors
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| (5) Name 4 of these complex sensory receptors | vision, hearing, taste, smell
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| (6) define what a RECEPTOR is | any structure specialized to detect a stimulus
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| (6) are simple nerve endings, complex sense organ the two types of RECEPTORS | yes
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| (6) Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into ? | electrochemical energy
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| (6) when you convert stimulus energy into electrochemical energy this process is called? | sensory transduction
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| (6) what information about stimuli can be conveyed? 4 things | modality or type, location, intensity, duration
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| (6) what organ in the body identifies the location if the stimuli | the brain
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| (6) when the brain identifies the location of stimuli this process is called | sensory projection
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| (6) in regards to intensity how does this relate to action potentials | it has to do with the frequency of action potentials created
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| (6) in regards to intensity and fibers what is being measured | the frequency and number of fibers, and what specific fibers
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| (6) change in firing sequence over time is related to which? (modality or type, location, intensity, duration) | Duration
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| (6) What are the two types of duration receptors? | phasic receptors, tonic receptors
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| (6) Define a Phasic receptor | burst of activity and quikly adapt
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| (6) define Tonic receptor | adapt slowly, generates impulses comtinually
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| (6) of the two duration receptors which adapts slowly and which adapts quickly? | Phasic= quick , Tonic= slow
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| (6) Which duration receptor deals with smell and hair receptors? | Phasic receptor
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| (6) which duration receptor is a proprioceptor? | Tonic receptor
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| (6) define proprioceptor | a sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement.
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| (8) What are the 4 ways we classify a sensory receptor (to determine what type of cell it is?) | structural, type of response to stimulus, location of receptors and origin of stimuli, type of stimuli they detect
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| (9) the two types fo nerve endings | free nerve endings , encapsulated nerve endings
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| (9) define free nerve endings (and what senses they relate | bare dendrites, pain, temp, tickle, itch, light touch
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| (9) define encapsulated nerve endings ( and what senses they relate) | dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule, Pressure, vibration, deep touch
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| (9)define dendrite | a short branch extension of a nerve cell
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| (9) what cells deal with the special senses such as vision, taste, hearing, and balance | separate sensory cells
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| (11) free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and olfactory receptors all produce ______ potentials | Generator
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| (11) when a generator potential is large enough it generates a ____ impulse in a ____ order neuron | nerve, first
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| (11) what kind of a potential do vision, hearing, balance, and taste produce | receptor potentials
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| (11) what does a receptor cell release on first order neurons | neurotransmitter molecules
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| (11) once neurotransmitter molecules are released to first order neurons this produces _____ potentials | postsynaptic
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| (11) PSP may trigger a _____ impulse | nerve
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| (12) where do you find exteroceptors | near the body surface
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| (12) what does an interoceptor monitor | internal environment (BV or Viscera)
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| (12) what do proprioceptors sense | body position and movement
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| (12) where do you find proprioceptors | muscles, tendons, joints, and internal ear
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| (13) which receptors deal with detecting pressure or stretch | mechanoreceptors
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| (13) which receptor detects temperature | thermoreceptor
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| (13) which receptor detects tissue damage | Nociceptors
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| (13) which receptor detects light | photoreceptors
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| (13) which receptor detects molecules | chemoreceptors (ie taste, smell, changes in body fluid chemistry)
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| (14) What are things that will happen a sensory receptor starts to decrease in responsiveness in regards to smells, and water temp | bad smells dissapear, hot water only feels warm
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| (14) which are rapid adapting receptors? which are slow adapting? (smell, pressure, touch) (pain, body position) | rapidly adapting: smell, pressure,touch //// slowly adapting: pain, body position
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| (15) define crude touch | ability to perceive something has touched the skin
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| (15) define discriminative touch | provides location and texture of the source
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| (15) match with proper definition: pressure, vibration, itching, tickle (A)repetitive sensory signals (B)stimulation of free nerve endings only by someone else (C)sustained sensation over a large area (D)chemical stimulation of free nerve endings | Pressure-C Vibration-A Itching-D Tickle-B
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| (27) define referred pain | misinterpreted pain.
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| (29) endogenous opiods do what to pain | block it
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| (29) spinal gating stops pain signals at the ___ horn | dorsal
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| (31) sensory info is sent to the ___ and ____ cortex | cerebellum, cerebral
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| (34) pacinian corpuscles respond to ? | acceleration and deceleration of joints
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| (34) ruffini corpuscles respond to ? | pressure
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| (36) is smell more highly sensitive for women or men? | Women
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| (39) adapation = (decreasing,increasing) sensitivity | decreasing
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| (39) olfactory adaptation is rapid due to (sympathetic, parasympathetic) inhibition | sympathetic
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| (39) olfactory adaptation decreases sensitivity by (25%, 50%) in 1 minute | 50%
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| (42) define gustation | the sensation of taste resulting from the action of chemicals on the taste buds
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| (42) name which lingual papillae have taste buds ? | fungiform, vallate
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| (42) name which lingual papillae dont have taste buds | filiform, foliate
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| (44) the 5 major taste sensations are | salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
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| (45) what two nerves innervate taste buds on the tongue | facial nerve XII (2/3), glossopharyngeal nerve IX (1/3)
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| (45) what nerve deals with the palate, pharynx, and epiglottis | vagus nerve X
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| (47) perforated eardrum can be caused by? | explosion, scuba diving, ear infection
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| (53) hearing comes from the inner or outer hair cells? | inner
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| (57) does the tensor tympani pull the eardrum inward or outward | inward (to tighten it)
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| (57) the stapedius (reduces , increases) the mobility of the stapes | reduces
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| (58) sound is produced by vibration of ____ then vibration of ____ membrane under hair cells | ossicles, basilar
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| (64) the auricle collects? | sound waves
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| (64) the eardrum vibrates slow for ____ sounds and fast for ___ sounds | low pitched, high pitched
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| (64) when a microvili is bent during hearing by sounds it produces an ? | action potetial
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| (64) internal hair cells bend against the ? | tectorial membrane
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| (69) you get a cochlear implant when you | damage hair cells
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| (69) a cochlear implant electrically stimulates which nerve? | vestibulochchlear nerve
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| (70) define nerve deafness | damage to hair cells
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| (70) define conduction deafness | a perforated eardrum, otosclerosis
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| (73) define static vs dynamic equillibrium | static- balance when standing still. dynamic- balance while moving
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| (83) define conjunctiva | mucous membrane lining the eyelids and anterior eyeball
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| (83) a conjunctiva is richly vascular meaning it heals? | quickly
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| (89) the junction of the sclera and cornea is called the | canal of schlemm
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| (90) the cilliary body(process) secretes the? | aqueous humor
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| (91) the iris and pupils function is the regulate what | the amount of light entering the eye
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| (92) radial vs smooth muscles of iris which is for (bright light, dim light) | circular- bright light Radial- dim light
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| (95) the retina covers the posterior (1/2, 3/4) of the eyeball | 3/4
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| (104) aqueous humor flows from posterior chamber tot eh anterior chamber through the ___ | pupil
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| (104) aqueous humor continually produced by | cilliary body
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| (104) glaucoma is a condition that could cause blindness due to a problem with | pressure, problem with drainage of aqueous humor
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| (104) where does the aqueous humor drain to? | the blood
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| (105) define refration | bending of light as it passes from one substance to antoher
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| (106) at what angle or degrees is light not refracted | 90 degrees
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| (105) what two parts parts of the eye deal with refraction of light as it enters the eye | cornea and lens
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| (107) which refracts light more? cornea or lens (what percent also) | cornea 75%
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| (109) when light passes through the lens it forms an ____ image | inverted
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| (112) emmotropia vs convergence | emmotropia- far sight thin lens convergence- close sight thick lens
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| (113) increase in curvature of the lens is called | accomodation
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| (114) define near point | closest distance from the eye an object can be and still be in clear focus
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| (114) define presbyopia | it reduced accommodation as we get older (its why we need glasses)
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| (115) define emmetropic eye | normal - can refract light form 20 ft away
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| (115) define myopia | nearsighted , yeball is too long from front to back
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| (115) define hypermetropic | farsighted , eyeball is too short
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| (115) an astigmatism | corneal surface wavy, parts of image out of focus
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| (117) rods contain 1 opsin while cones contain 3 how does this directly affect the absorption of different colors of light? | rods can absorb 1 color, cones can absorb 3
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| (118) the axons of ganglion cell form the ___ nerve | optic
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| (118) bipolar cells, ganglion cells (which are 1st order neurons , which are 2nd order neurons?) | bipolar=1st ganglion=2nd
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| (121) the visual pigment (opsin) in rod cells is called ? what color is it visually? | rhodopsin , purple
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| (121) the 2 major parts to opsin molecule? | protein called opsin and a vitamin A derivative called retinal
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| (121) the opsin that cones contain? | photopsin
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| (123) pigmented epithelium has large amounts of vitamin ____ to help with the _____ process of photopigments | A, regeneration
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| (123) do rods contribute much to daylight vision? this is due to? | No, bleaching as fast as they can regenerate
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| (124) define light adaptation | adjustments when emerge from dark into the light
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| (124) define dark adaptation | adjustments when enter the dark from a bright solution
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| (124) which dark adaptation ... light sensitivity (increases,decreases) as photopigments regenerate | increases
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| (129) convergence is when one cone cell synapses onto one _____ cell this produces best visual acuity | bipolar
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| (129) horizontal cell enhance _____ in the visual scene because they laterally inhibit ___ cells in the are | contrast, bipolar
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| (129) amacrine cells ____ bipolar cells if levels of illumination change | excite
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| (130) visual info of the optic nerve travels to ____ for vision.// to ____ for controlling pupil size and coordination of head and eye movements///// to ____ to establish sleep patterns based on ____ rhythms of light and darkness | occipital lobe, midbrain, hypothalamus, circadian
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| (131) define duplicity thory | explains why we have both rods and cones, one for sensitive night vision the other for high resolution daytime vision
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| (132) the scotopic system is also known as | night vision
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| (133) does the fovea contain rods, cones, or both | only cone cells
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| (133) each foveal cone cell has a ______ line to the brain | private
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