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sense organs Part 1
Term | Definition |
---|---|
(2) define stimulation | any stimuli the body is aware of |
(2) name 3 things we are not aware of AND why is this? | x-rays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light BECAUSE we have no sensory receptors for those stimuli |
(3) 6 types of sensations | touch, pain, temperature, vibration, hearing, vision |
(3)can a specific sensory neuron respond to multiple stimuli? | No, they are specific |
(3)how many sensory modalities are there? | 2 |
(3) name the 2 sensory modalities | general senses, specific senses |
(3) what are your general senses | somatic senses from body walls, visceral senses from internal organs |
(3) what are special senses | smell, taste, hearing, vision, balance |
(4) a stimulation is transduced into a ...? | graded potential |
(4) will a sensation stimulus that turns into a graded potential typically propagate? | NO, due to the leakage of sodium ions |
(4) what happens when the graded potential reaches its threshold? | it generates impulses |
(4) all this sensory information is integrated where? | The CNS |
(5) are all sensory receptors the same structure? | NO |
(5) what are the 2 structures of sensory receptors? | general and specific |
(5) are general sensory receptors visceral? if not what are they? | no, SOMATIC |
(5) name 4 general sensory receptors that have NO structural specialization | pain, tickle, itch, temperatures |
(5) what general sensory receptors do have structural specializations | touch, pressure, vibration |
(5) which type of sensory receptors are complex (general OR Special) | special sensory receptors |
(5) Name 4 of these complex sensory receptors | vision, hearing, taste, smell |
(6) define what a RECEPTOR is | any structure specialized to detect a stimulus |
(6) are simple nerve endings, complex sense organ the two types of RECEPTORS | yes |
(6) Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy into ? | electrochemical energy |
(6) when you convert stimulus energy into electrochemical energy this process is called? | sensory transduction |
(6) what information about stimuli can be conveyed? 4 things | modality or type, location, intensity, duration |
(6) what organ in the body identifies the location if the stimuli | the brain |
(6) when the brain identifies the location of stimuli this process is called | sensory projection |
(6) in regards to intensity how does this relate to action potentials | it has to do with the frequency of action potentials created |
(6) in regards to intensity and fibers what is being measured | the frequency and number of fibers, and what specific fibers |
(6) change in firing sequence over time is related to which? (modality or type, location, intensity, duration) | Duration |
(6) What are the two types of duration receptors? | phasic receptors, tonic receptors |
(6) Define a Phasic receptor | burst of activity and quikly adapt |
(6) define Tonic receptor | adapt slowly, generates impulses comtinually |
(6) of the two duration receptors which adapts slowly and which adapts quickly? | Phasic= quick , Tonic= slow |
(6) Which duration receptor deals with smell and hair receptors? | Phasic receptor |
(6) which duration receptor is a proprioceptor? | Tonic receptor |
(6) define proprioceptor | a sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement. |
(8) What are the 4 ways we classify a sensory receptor (to determine what type of cell it is?) | structural, type of response to stimulus, location of receptors and origin of stimuli, type of stimuli they detect |
(9) the two types fo nerve endings | free nerve endings , encapsulated nerve endings |
(9) define free nerve endings (and what senses they relate | bare dendrites, pain, temp, tickle, itch, light touch |
(9) define encapsulated nerve endings ( and what senses they relate) | dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule, Pressure, vibration, deep touch |
(9)define dendrite | a short branch extension of a nerve cell |
(9) what cells deal with the special senses such as vision, taste, hearing, and balance | separate sensory cells |
(11) free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and olfactory receptors all produce ______ potentials | Generator |
(11) when a generator potential is large enough it generates a ____ impulse in a ____ order neuron | nerve, first |
(11) what kind of a potential do vision, hearing, balance, and taste produce | receptor potentials |
(11) what does a receptor cell release on first order neurons | neurotransmitter molecules |
(11) once neurotransmitter molecules are released to first order neurons this produces _____ potentials | postsynaptic |
(11) PSP may trigger a _____ impulse | nerve |
(12) where do you find exteroceptors | near the body surface |
(12) what does an interoceptor monitor | internal environment (BV or Viscera) |
(12) what do proprioceptors sense | body position and movement |
(12) where do you find proprioceptors | muscles, tendons, joints, and internal ear |
(13) which receptors deal with detecting pressure or stretch | mechanoreceptors |
(13) which receptor detects temperature | thermoreceptor |
(13) which receptor detects tissue damage | Nociceptors |
(13) which receptor detects light | photoreceptors |
(13) which receptor detects molecules | chemoreceptors (ie taste, smell, changes in body fluid chemistry) |
(14) What are things that will happen a sensory receptor starts to decrease in responsiveness in regards to smells, and water temp | bad smells dissapear, hot water only feels warm |
(14) which are rapid adapting receptors? which are slow adapting? (smell, pressure, touch) (pain, body position) | rapidly adapting: smell, pressure,touch //// slowly adapting: pain, body position |
(15) define crude touch | ability to perceive something has touched the skin |
(15) define discriminative touch | provides location and texture of the source |
(15) match with proper definition: pressure, vibration, itching, tickle (A)repetitive sensory signals (B)stimulation of free nerve endings only by someone else (C)sustained sensation over a large area (D)chemical stimulation of free nerve endings | Pressure-C Vibration-A Itching-D Tickle-B |
(27) define referred pain | misinterpreted pain. |
(29) endogenous opiods do what to pain | block it |
(29) spinal gating stops pain signals at the ___ horn | dorsal |
(31) sensory info is sent to the ___ and ____ cortex | cerebellum, cerebral |
(34) pacinian corpuscles respond to ? | acceleration and deceleration of joints |
(34) ruffini corpuscles respond to ? | pressure |
(36) is smell more highly sensitive for women or men? | Women |
(39) adapation = (decreasing,increasing) sensitivity | decreasing |
(39) olfactory adaptation is rapid due to (sympathetic, parasympathetic) inhibition | sympathetic |
(39) olfactory adaptation decreases sensitivity by (25%, 50%) in 1 minute | 50% |
(42) define gustation | the sensation of taste resulting from the action of chemicals on the taste buds |
(42) name which lingual papillae have taste buds ? | fungiform, vallate |
(42) name which lingual papillae dont have taste buds | filiform, foliate |
(44) the 5 major taste sensations are | salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami |
(45) what two nerves innervate taste buds on the tongue | facial nerve XII (2/3), glossopharyngeal nerve IX (1/3) |
(45) what nerve deals with the palate, pharynx, and epiglottis | vagus nerve X |
(47) perforated eardrum can be caused by? | explosion, scuba diving, ear infection |
(53) hearing comes from the inner or outer hair cells? | inner |
(57) does the tensor tympani pull the eardrum inward or outward | inward (to tighten it) |
(57) the stapedius (reduces , increases) the mobility of the stapes | reduces |
(58) sound is produced by vibration of ____ then vibration of ____ membrane under hair cells | ossicles, basilar |
(64) the auricle collects? | sound waves |
(64) the eardrum vibrates slow for ____ sounds and fast for ___ sounds | low pitched, high pitched |
(64) when a microvili is bent during hearing by sounds it produces an ? | action potetial |
(64) internal hair cells bend against the ? | tectorial membrane |
(69) you get a cochlear implant when you | damage hair cells |
(69) a cochlear implant electrically stimulates which nerve? | vestibulochchlear nerve |
(70) define nerve deafness | damage to hair cells |
(70) define conduction deafness | a perforated eardrum, otosclerosis |
(73) define static vs dynamic equillibrium | static- balance when standing still. dynamic- balance while moving |
(83) define conjunctiva | mucous membrane lining the eyelids and anterior eyeball |
(83) a conjunctiva is richly vascular meaning it heals? | quickly |
(89) the junction of the sclera and cornea is called the | canal of schlemm |
(90) the cilliary body(process) secretes the? | aqueous humor |
(91) the iris and pupils function is the regulate what | the amount of light entering the eye |
(92) radial vs smooth muscles of iris which is for (bright light, dim light) | circular- bright light Radial- dim light |
(95) the retina covers the posterior (1/2, 3/4) of the eyeball | 3/4 |
(104) aqueous humor flows from posterior chamber tot eh anterior chamber through the ___ | pupil |
(104) aqueous humor continually produced by | cilliary body |
(104) glaucoma is a condition that could cause blindness due to a problem with | pressure, problem with drainage of aqueous humor |
(104) where does the aqueous humor drain to? | the blood |
(105) define refration | bending of light as it passes from one substance to antoher |
(106) at what angle or degrees is light not refracted | 90 degrees |
(105) what two parts parts of the eye deal with refraction of light as it enters the eye | cornea and lens |
(107) which refracts light more? cornea or lens (what percent also) | cornea 75% |
(109) when light passes through the lens it forms an ____ image | inverted |
(112) emmotropia vs convergence | emmotropia- far sight thin lens convergence- close sight thick lens |
(113) increase in curvature of the lens is called | accomodation |
(114) define near point | closest distance from the eye an object can be and still be in clear focus |
(114) define presbyopia | it reduced accommodation as we get older (its why we need glasses) |
(115) define emmetropic eye | normal - can refract light form 20 ft away |
(115) define myopia | nearsighted , yeball is too long from front to back |
(115) define hypermetropic | farsighted , eyeball is too short |
(115) an astigmatism | corneal surface wavy, parts of image out of focus |
(117) rods contain 1 opsin while cones contain 3 how does this directly affect the absorption of different colors of light? | rods can absorb 1 color, cones can absorb 3 |
(118) the axons of ganglion cell form the ___ nerve | optic |
(118) bipolar cells, ganglion cells (which are 1st order neurons , which are 2nd order neurons?) | bipolar=1st ganglion=2nd |
(121) the visual pigment (opsin) in rod cells is called ? what color is it visually? | rhodopsin , purple |
(121) the 2 major parts to opsin molecule? | protein called opsin and a vitamin A derivative called retinal |
(121) the opsin that cones contain? | photopsin |
(123) pigmented epithelium has large amounts of vitamin ____ to help with the _____ process of photopigments | A, regeneration |
(123) do rods contribute much to daylight vision? this is due to? | No, bleaching as fast as they can regenerate |
(124) define light adaptation | adjustments when emerge from dark into the light |
(124) define dark adaptation | adjustments when enter the dark from a bright solution |
(124) which dark adaptation ... light sensitivity (increases,decreases) as photopigments regenerate | increases |
(129) convergence is when one cone cell synapses onto one _____ cell this produces best visual acuity | bipolar |
(129) horizontal cell enhance _____ in the visual scene because they laterally inhibit ___ cells in the are | contrast, bipolar |
(129) amacrine cells ____ bipolar cells if levels of illumination change | excite |
(130) visual info of the optic nerve travels to ____ for vision.// to ____ for controlling pupil size and coordination of head and eye movements///// to ____ to establish sleep patterns based on ____ rhythms of light and darkness | occipital lobe, midbrain, hypothalamus, circadian |
(131) define duplicity thory | explains why we have both rods and cones, one for sensitive night vision the other for high resolution daytime vision |
(132) the scotopic system is also known as | night vision |
(133) does the fovea contain rods, cones, or both | only cone cells |
(133) each foveal cone cell has a ______ line to the brain | private |
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