Biology EOC Review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| The nucleic acid molecule that stores genetic information. | DNA
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| The organelle that converts glucose into ATP (energy) for the cell to use | mitochondria
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| The organelle that performs photosynthesis by converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen | chloroplast
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| Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and acts as a barrier allowing some substances to enter and exit and others to not. | cell membrane aka plasma membrane
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| hard rigid outer layer of plant and fungi cells | cell wall
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| site of protein sysnthesis | ribosome
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| energy molecule | ATP
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| the fluid that surrounds the organelles inside of the cell | cytoplasm
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| organelle that that houses the genetic information (DNA) in eukaryotic cells | nucleus
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| organelle that stores water, waste, and nutrients - larger in plant cells than in animal cells | vacuole
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| organelle that contains digestive enzymes and breaks down waste and old worn-out organelles | lysosome
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| the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration (with the concentration gradient) | diffusion
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| the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a specialized channel protein (with the concentration gradient) | facilitated diffusion
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| the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration using energy (against the concentration gradient) | active transport
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| a membrane that allows some things to pass through and others to not is referred to as | semi-permeable
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| the movement of water from high concentration to low concentration | osmosis
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| the pressure exerted by a large vacuole in plants | turgor pressure
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| makes up the cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer and proteins
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| a charged molecule | ion
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| process in the cells that take place in the mitochondria and produces ATP | cellular respiration
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| process in the cells that occurs by converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen | photosynthesis
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| oxygen +glucose —> water+ carbon dioxide+ATP | cellular respiration
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| carbon dioxide + water+ sunlight —> glucose + oxygen | photosynthesis
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| monosaccharide that is produced during photosynthesis and is used to create ATP during cellular respiration | glucose (C6H12O6)
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| pigment in plants and other photosynthetic organisms that trap sunlight | chlorophyll
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| the process by which DNA is converted into mRNA | transcription
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| the process by which mRNA is converted into and amino acid sequence (protein) | translation
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| monomer of DNA and RNA, composed of a phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base | nucleotide
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| DNA and RNA are ___________ ___________ | nucleic acids
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| the monomer or building blocks of proteins | amino acids
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| amino acid sequences make up | proteins
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| three nucleotides that code for a single amino acid on a mRNA strand (ex: AUG) | codon
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| having two copies of each chromosome ( ex: human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes) | diploid
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| having one copy of each chromosome ( ex: human gamete or sex cell has 23 chromosomes) | haploid
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| during mitosis 2 ______________ daughter cells are produced | diploid
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| during meiosis 4 ______________ daughter cells are produced | haploid
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| tightly packed DNA that is condensed for cellular division | chromosome
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| chromosomes are only visible during _____ _______ | cell division
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| four haploid daughter cells are produced during | meiosis
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| two identical daughter cells are produced during | mitosis
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| haploid sperm or egg cells are called | gametes
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| diploid body cells (ex: nerve, bone, blood) are called | somatic cells
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| the process by which two haploid gametes combine to form a diploid cell | fertilization
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| biotic and abiotic factors in one area makes up a(n) | ecosystem
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| a group of organisms of the same species | population
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| all the biotic factors in one area | community
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| symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit | mutualism
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| symbiotic relationship where one organism benefit and the other is neither helped nor harmed | commensalism
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| symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits (parasite) at the expense of another (host) | parasitism
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| an organism that can produce its own food | autotroph
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| another name for autotroph | producer
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| an organism that must consume other organisms to survive | heterotroph
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| another name for heterotroph | consumer
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| non-living factor in the environment | abiotic
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| a living, or once living, factor in an environment | biotic
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| a prediction for an experiment that is testable | hypothesis
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| the group you keep unchanged to compare | control
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| organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring | species
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| the role a species plays in an ecosystem, including where it lives and what it eats | niche
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| a model, using arrows, of all the possible interconnected consumer interactions in a community | food web
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| interactions between organisms of two species, includes mutualism, and parasitism | symbiosis
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| a model of 10% energy flow through consecutive trophic levels | energy pyramid
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| an explanation for a broad problem, supported by extensive experimentation and evidence | theory
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| the change in allele frequency of a population over time | genetic variation
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| the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (mechanism for evolution) | natural selection
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| a genetic variation (expressed as a trait) that is favored by selection in a particular environment | adaptation
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| the number of different species in a particular area | species diversity
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| 1) the 2 alleles (ex: Ww) for a trait 2) the expression of a trait (ex: Widow's peak) | 1)genotype and 2)phenotype
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| this change in DNA (nucleotide sequence) is the original source of variation | mutation
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| ATCGACCAG—>ATCGTCCAG | point mutation
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| ATCGACCAG—>ATTCGACCAG | frameshift muatation (insertion)
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| ATCGACCAG—>ATCGACCG | frameshift muatation (deletion)
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| an ancestral species shared by two or more species as evidenced by commonalities | common ancestor
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| fossil records, anatomical homologies, DNA and protein similarities | evidence of evolution
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| the difference in alleles or genes between organisms within the gene pool of a species | genetic variation
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| CHO 1:2:1 monomer: monosaccharides function: short term energy and structure such as cell wall | carbohydrate
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| CHO monomer: glycerol and fatty acids function: long term energy storage, compose cell membrane | lipids
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| CHON monomer:amino acids acts as catalyst and building blocks of the body (ex: muscles) | proteins
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| CHONP monomer: nucleotides function: stores and expresses genetic information | nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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| (archaea and bacteria) a group of unicellular organisms that lack membrane -bound organelles (no nucleus, etc) | prokaryote
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| (animals, plans, fungi, etc.) organisms with complex cells and membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, etc.) | eukaryote
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| cells in multicellular organisms develop to have separate tasks/functions (muscle cells, red blood cells, etc.) | cell specialization/cell differentiation
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| proteins that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the energy activation | enzyme
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| lock and key model | in order to react, the substrate (reactant) must fit into the active site of the enzyme
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| the steps of cellular respiration | glycolysis, krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), electron transport chain
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| anaerobic respiration that produces alcohol or lactic acid and 2 ATP | fermentation
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| the process of producing two identical copies of one original DNA molecule | DNA replication
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| one of two or more forms of a gene | allele
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| WW, XX | homozygous dominant alleles
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| tt, yy | homozygous recessive alleles
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| Tt, Ww, XY | heterozygous alleles
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| male and female sex chromosomes | XY and XX
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| a section of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a protein (or polypeptide) | gene
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| double sided helix made of nucleotides containing a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin contributed | DNA structure
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| Chargaff's Rule | DNA : adenine =thymine, guanine =cytosine
A=T
C=G
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| base pair rule | DNA: A=T, C=G
RNA: A=U, C=G
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| double sided, has the sugar deoxyribose and has the base thymine | DNA
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| single sided, has the sugar ribose and the base uracil | RNA
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| moves molecules, including proteins, from one part of the cell to another | endoplasmic reticulum
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| endoplasmic reticulum that is covered in ribosomes | rough ER
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| the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy (ATP) | passive transport
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| the process in which a cell completely surrounds a substance to move large bulky into the cell (phagocytosis) | endocytosis
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| the process in which a cell releases large bulky materials out of the cell | exocytosis
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| single unit; building block of polymer; subunit | monomer
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| made up of smaller subunits; composed of monomers | polymer
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| the tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment | homeostasis
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| inerphase, mitosis, cytokenesis | cell cycle
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| G1, S , G2 | interphase
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| part of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated | S phase (interphase)
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| division of the cytoplasm; cleavage furrow forms in animal cells; cell plate form in plant cells | cytokinesis
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| uncontrolled cell division; creates tumors that interfere with normal cell function | cancer
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| a non-living infectious agent that is composed of a protein coat (capsid) and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA); relies on a host cell to multiply | virus
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| viral reproduction cycle that ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells. | lytic cycle
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| viral reproduction cycle that does not lyse the host cell right away, the virus replicates as the host cell replicates. The virus can remain dormant for years. | lysogenic cycle
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| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | mitosis
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| tissue that carries food from the leaves to other parts of the plant | phloem
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| tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves of the plant | xylem
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| tiny openings in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen and water to leave | stomata
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| middle layer of leaf tissue in which photosynthesis occurs | mesophyll
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| a plant that is characterized by the presence of transport tissue | vascular plant
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| the male reproductive organs in a flower; filament, anther | stamen
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| the female reproductive organs of a flower; stigma, style, ovary, ovule | pistil
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| the relaxed form of DNA in the cell's nucleus | chromatin
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| the first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane disappears | prophase
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| a phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | metaphase
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| phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell | anaphase
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| the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes | telophase
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| branch of science concerned with classification of organisms | taxonomy
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| named group of organisms such as phylum, genus, or species | taxon
taxa (plural)
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| taxonomic ranks | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
mnemonic to remember: dumb kids playing cards on freeways get smashed
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| used to prevent viral infections | vaccines
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| used to treat bacterial infections | antibiotics
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| amount of energy passed on from one trophic level to the next | 10%
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| binomial nomenclature is a scientific name composed of an organism's _________ and ________ | genus and species
Ex: human= Homo sapian
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