Biol 232
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| These plants have xylem & phloem for transport | vascular plants
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| Nonvascular plants are called what? | bryophytes
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| Which plant species belongs to the phylum Hepatophyta ? | Liverworts
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| Which plant species belongs to the phylum Anthocerophyta ? | Hornworts
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| Which plant species belongs to the phylum Bryophyta ? | Mosses
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| These plants can have seeds and also be seedless | vascular plants
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| Club mosses and their relatives are known as this: | lycophytes
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| Ferns and their relatives are known as this: | Pterophytes
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| Lycophytes & Pterophytes are what type of vascular plants ? | seedless
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| This is the embryo and nutrients that is surrounded by a protective coat | Seed
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| These plants have naked seeds that are not enclosed by ovaries and consist of four phyla: Gingkophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, and Cycadophyta | Gymnosperms
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| These are flowering plants | Angiosperms
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| Characteristics of a _________ plant are: life cycles with dominant sporophytes, xylem/phloem, and well-developed roots and leaves | vascular
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| Which plants require water for fertilization | gymnosperms & angiosperms
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| There is only one living species in this phyla | gingkophyta
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| This phyla includes coniferous plants | Coniferophyta
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| This phyla has three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia | Gnetophyta
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| This phyla includes cycads | Cycadophyta
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| All _______ are classified in one phylum, Anthophyta | angiosperms
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| Which plant structure is specialized for sexual reproduction | angiosperm
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| dandelions, maples, pine seeds, tumbleweed, and cottonwood are all plants that aid in which type of pollination | wind-seed dispersal
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| wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes come from what type of plants ? | angiosperms
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| This encloses the flower | sepals
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| These are brightly colored and are used to attract pollinators (birds, insects, animals) | petals
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| These produce pollen on their terminal anthers | Stamen
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| the male reproductive part | stamen
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| These produces ovules | Carpels
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| A group of carpels is called the: | pistil
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| the female reproductive parts | Carpels/pistil
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| _____ is the microgametophyte | pollen
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| ______ is the megagametophyte | Embryo sac
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| These complete their lifecycle in 1 growing season, have a long blooming season, and must be replanted each year | Annuals
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| Petunias, marigolds, cabbage, and okra are all examples of what type of plants ? | annuals
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| These grow for three or more years and have a shorter blooming season | perennials
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| Lilies, tulips, black-eyed susan, purple coneflower, and all trees and shrubs are examples of what type of plants | perennials
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| These typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts, protect seeds and aid in their dispersal, and can either be fleshy or dry | Fruits
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| These trees loose all leaves for part of the year, the leaves usually turn color in the fall (real color), and are green from presence of chlorophyll | deciduous
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| These trees maintain their leaves/needles throughout all seasons and leaves are replaced by new ones when they fall off, green color is always present | evergreen (coniferous)
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| Roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the _____ system | shoot
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| Shoots rely on water & minerals absorbed by the ____ system | root
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| These are multicellular organs that anchor the plant, absorb minerals/water, and store organic nutrients | roots
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| Water and mineral absorption occurs near the what ? | root hairs
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| This system involves one main vertical root and gives rise to lateral roots, or branch roots | taproot system
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| This system has thin lateral roots with no main root | fibrous root system
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| seedless vascular plants and monocots have this system | fibrous root system
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| These breathe air in habitats that have waterlogged soil; black mangrove swamps | Pnematophores
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| These have an alternating system of nodes, internodes, an axillary bud, and an apical bud | shoots (stems)
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| The points at which leaves are attached | nodes
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| The stem segments between nodes | internodes
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| A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch | axillary bud
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| The terminal bud that is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot | apical bud
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| The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants which consists of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole | leaf
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| Joins the leaf to a node of the stem | petiole (stalk)
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| These have parallel veins | monocots
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| These have branching veins | eudicots
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| This is the analysis of tree ring growth patterns, and can be used to study past climate change | Dendrochronology
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| As a tree or woody shrub ages, the older layers of secondary xylem, the ________, no longer transport water and minerals | heartwood
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| the older layer of secondary xylem, heartwood is replaced by the _______ for material transport through the xylem | sapwood
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| The outmost type of ground tissue which functions for storage/support | cortex
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| This is made up of xylem, phloem, and fiber cells (support) | vascular bundle
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| The innermost type of ground tissue which functions for storage in roots and support in stems | Pith
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| This is the site of growth | vascular cambium
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| Dicot stems w/ herbaceous tissues that grow by stem elongation have what type of growth ? | primary growth
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| Dicot stems w/ woody tissues that grow by increasing girth have what type of growth ? | secondary growth
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| This stem has scattered vascular bundles | monocot
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| This stem has a ring of vascular bundles | eudicot
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| This is water & nutrient transporting tissue | xylem
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| This is evaporation of water from leaves (through stomata) | Transpiration
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| Transpiration pulls _____ up through _____, into _____, out ____ | water, roots, xylem, leaf
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| This opens and closes to control gas exchange & water loss | stomata
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| The guard cells of stomata control what ? | transpiration
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| This transports sugars by translocation | Phloem
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| Moving substances from high concentration to low concentration | translocation
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| This is the plant embryonic tissue that never stops growing | Meristem
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| This is the drain on water resources in arid regions; lowering aquifers | irrigation
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| This is black/dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles | soil
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| How can soil be described ? | by texture, depth, and by chemical properties
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| What are the three types of soil in range of size (largest to smallest) ? | sand, silt, clay
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| What are the four layers of soil ? | organic, surface soil, subsoil, and parent rock
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| This layer of soil consists of living organisms & humus, also the decaying organic material | Layer O: Organic
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| This layer of soil is topsoil consisting of mostly humus and some minerals, roots are present | Layer A: Surface soil
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| This layer of soil consists of iron, clay, aluminum, and organic compounds | Layer B: Subsoil
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| Layer C or soil is known as? | parent rock
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| At which layer of soil is water & nutrients taken in? | Layer A: Surface soil
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| Cations taken up from topsoil (surface soil) are taken up by the what ? | root hairs
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| These adhere to negatively charged soil particles which prevents them from leaching out of the soil through percolating groundwater | Cations
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| During __________, cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations | cation exchange
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| __________ cations enter the soil solution and can be taken up by plant roots | Displaced
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| This replaces mineral nutrients lost from the soil | Fertilization
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| If leaves are completely green, they are: | Healthy
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| If leaves are more purple than green, they are: | phosphate deficient
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| If leaves are more reddish-yellow, they are: | potassium-deficient
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| If leaves are more yellow- greenish with a tint of red, they are? | nitrogen-deficient
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| Erosion is reduced by planting trees as _______, and practicing _______________ | windbreaks, no-till agriculture
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| These leave crop residues standing for winter cover and crops are grown w/ minimal cultivation of the soil | conservation tillage (no-till agriculture)
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| crops with higher organic matter do what ? | use water more efficiently
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| conservation tillage= ? | higher soil quality
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| Using plants to "detox" soils, removing radioactive Cesium-137, Uranium, and Stronium-90 (e.g. sunflowers) | Phytoremediation
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| What three things remove radioactive contaminants and heavy metals from soils and groundwater? | india mustard, cabbage, and broccoli
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| When dead plants provide energy needed by soil-dwelling microorganisms, this is called: | Bacterio-remediation
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| This is the layer of soil bound to the plant's roots ? | rhizosphere
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| This has high microbial activity because of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids secreted by roots | rhizosphere
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| Land plants are informally grouped based on what ? | Presence/absence of vascular tissue
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| Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are what type of plants? | Nonvascular plants
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| Conifers (evergreens) & flowering plants have what compared to ferns ? | SEEDS
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| These three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants are bryophytes | Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, and Bryophyta
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| These are naked seed plants, conifers | Gymnosperms
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| These type of plants have micropyle, nucellus, megasporocyte, and 1 ring of integument | Gymnosperms
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| These type of plants have micropyle, nucellus, and a megasporocyte, but have 2 rings of integument, a funiculus, and seeds are protected by a coat | Angiosperms
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| Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are all what ? | Lycophytes
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| Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are all what ? | Pterophytes
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| For ferns, mature gametophytes are haploid whereas mature sporophytes are what ? | Diploid (2n)
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| Vascular plants with seeds have ______ gametophytes | Reduced
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| Reduced gametophytes, ___________, ovules, pollen, and seeds are all derived traits of seed plants. Whatâs missing ? | Heterospory
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| This gives rise to a male gametophyte | Microspore
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| This gives rise to a female gametophyte | Megaspore
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| These type of plants have reduced (usually microscopic) gametophytes that are dependent on surrounding sporophyte (dominant) tissue for nutrition | Seed plants
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| These type of plants have reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) gametophytes but sporophytes are still dominant | Ferns and other SEEDLESS vascular plants
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| These type of plants have dominant gametophytes, but have reduced sporophytes that are dependent on gametophytes for nutrition | Mosses and other NONvascular plants
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| Gymnosperm seeds are present in the cone whereas angiosperm seeds are present where ? | Enclosed in the fruit
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| For what plants is water required for fertilization ? | Mosses & ferns
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| Which type of plants donât require water for fertilization ? | Gynosperms & angiosperms
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| Mangroves, nutrient poor soils, shallow soils, and shallow root systems have what type of roots ? | Horizontal (buttress)
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| These type of roots are stress avoiding, found in mangroves & tropics | Adventitious (aerial)
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| This is the swollen tip of the stolon | Tuber
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| Where are tree rings visible and what are they used for ? | Where late & early wood meet, used to estimate treeâs age
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| What happens to the older secondary phloem ? | Sloughs off & does not accumulate
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| These are the layers below the epidermis | Collenchyma
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| While secondary phloem sloughs off, what happens to secondary xylem (inside) ? | Becomes wood
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| Where is the vascular cambium located? | Between the xylem & phloem
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| This part of the tree consists of living phloem and the periderm which breaks down into the cork cambium & cork | Bark
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| When does water go out? Is it when the stoma is opening or closing ? | Closing
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| These were used in areas that were contaminated with Zinc, Copper, and Lead | Tomato plants
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| These were used to remove explosive material | Duckweed & parrot feather
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| The inoculation of seeds with rhizobacteria can do what ? | Increase crop yields
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| Plants provide sugar for fungus and fungus does what in return ? | Increases the surface area for water uptake & mineral absorption
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| Some invasive species disrupt interactions between what? | Native plants & their mycorrhizal fungi
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| This appears as a bright yellow open cone and is ready for pollination. For âbeefâ tomatoes, 3-5 flowers should be allowed to develop on a healthy truss | Mature flower
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| These are denoted by the appearance of bruises on the anther cone left by bumble bees clamping onto and pollinating the flower | Fertilized flower
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| At this point, flower petals and anthers die and fall away as a pea sized green fruit appear at each termination of the flower truss. Typically, it takes 45-50 more days from this point before fruit is ready to harvest | Fruit set
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| As a fruit enlarges, it remains light green in color and very firm (high turgor pressure). The fruit closest to the plant stem is the most mature, and thus largest in size | Immature fruit
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| This type of plant has one cotyledon, pollen grains with one opening, and their floral organs are usually in multiples of three | Monocot
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| This type of plant has two cotyledons, pollen grains with three openings, and their floral organs are usually in multiples of four or five | (Eu)dicot
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