Biology chapter 17
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| macroevolution | Large-scale evolutionary change, such as the formation of new species.
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| speciation | Origin of new species due to the evolutionary process of descent with modification.
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| morphology | Physical characteristics that contribute to the appearance of an organism.
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| morphological species concept | Definition of a species that defines species by specific diagnostic traits.
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| diagnostic traits | Characteristics that distinguish species from one another.
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| evolutionary species concept | Every species has its own evolutionary history, which is partly documented in the fossil record.
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| phylogenetic species concept | Definition of a species that is determined by analysis of a phylogenetic tree to determine a common ancestor.
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| biological species concept | The concept that defines species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups.
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| reproductive isolation | Model by which new species arise when gene flow is disrupted between two populations, genetic changes accumulate, and the populations are subsequently unable to mate and produce viable offspring.
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| prezygotic isolating mechanism | Anatomical, physiological, or behavioral difference between two species that prevents the possibility of mating.
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| Habitat Isolation | Species occupy different habitats.
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| Temporal Isolation | Each reproduces at a different time.
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| Behavioral Isolation | Courtship patterns for recognizing mates differ.
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| Mechanical Isolation | Incompatible animal genitalia or plant floral structures.
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| Gamete Isolation | Gametes that meet do not fuse to become a zygote.
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| postzygotic isolating mechanism | Anatomical or physiological difference between two species that prevents successful reproduction after mating has taken place.
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| Hybrid Inviability | Hybrid zygote is not viable and dies.
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| Hybrid Sterility | Hybrid zygote develops into a sterile adult. Example Mule cross between female horse and male donkey.
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| speciation | Origin of new species due to the evolutionary process of descent with modification.
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| allopatric speciation | Model that proposes that new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations that are separated geographically.
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| sympatric speciation | Origin of new species in populations that overlap geographically.
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| polyploidy | Having a chromosome number that is a multiple greater than twice that of the monoploid number.
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| autoploidy | Polyploid organism with multiple chromosome sets all from the same species.
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| alloploidy | Polyploid organism that contains the genomes of two or more different species.
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| adaptive radiation | Rapid evolution of several species from a common ancestor into new ecological or geographical zones.
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| ecological release | In an ecosystem, the freedom of a species to expand its use of available resources due to an elimination of competition.
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| convergent evolution | Similarity in structure in distantly related groups generally due to similiar selective pressures in like environments.
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| analogous, analogous structure | Structure that has a similar function in separate lineages but differs in anatomy and ancestry.
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| homologous, homologous structure | A structure that is similar in different types of organisms because these organisms descended from a common ancestor.
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