Human Anatomy and Physiology
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| What are cells? | living structural and functional units enclosed by a membrane
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| what are the 3 main parts to a cell? | 1. Plasma Membrane, 2. Cytoplasm, 3. Nucleus
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| What is cell division? | Where one cell divides into two identical cells
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| Anything ending in "OMA" means | Tumor of
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| The phases of Mitosis are: | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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| "Verrucae"is: | A wart. If it's on the foot, it is called "Plantaris". If it's on the hand, it is called "Palmaris".
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| Mitochondria is what? | Power house of the cell.
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| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | Binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation. One end of the tRNA carries a specific amino acid, and the opposite end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called an anticodon.
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| rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) | Joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes
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| mRNA (Messenger RNA) | Directs the synthesis of a protein
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| Organelles | Specialized structures with the cell that have characteristic shapes; they perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
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| Mitosis | The distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei. The process results in the exact partitioning of genetic information.
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| Carsinoma | Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells.
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| Translation | The nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm carry out translation.
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| Transcription | Copy information into a complementary sequence of codons.
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| Endocytosis | The cell will invaginate and take in what is trying to get in
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| Exocytosis | A substance trying to get out of a cell
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| Transcytosis | When something travel across the cell
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| Ligand | to tie
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| Phagocyte | White blood cell
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| Red blood cell | No nucleus
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| Kinase | Phosphorylation
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| Amphipathic | molecules that have both polar and non-polar parts
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| Genes | Hereditary units that control most aspects of cellular structure and function
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| plasma membrane | A flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell.
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| Lipid bilayer | two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.
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| Phospholipids | Contain phosphorus and take up 75% of the membrane lipids
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| Cholesterol | a steroid with an attached -OH (hydroxyl) group
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| Glycolipids | lipids with attached carbohydrate groups
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| Integral proteins | Extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it
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| Transmembrane proteins | Span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and Extracellular fluid
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| Peripheral proteins | They are not firmly embedded into the membrane. they associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipids.
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| Glycoproteins | Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid.
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| Osteoma | cancer of a bone
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| Apotosis | dropping of something
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| Telomeres | tips of chromosomes
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| Gliaoma | Cancer of the brain
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| Astrocytoma's | Tumor of the brain
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| Geneome | total number of genes in your body (approx. 30K)
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| Proteome | Total number of proteins in your body (approx. 1 million)
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| codon | 3 (triplets)
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| Osmosis | A type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
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| Lysosome functions | Fuses with and digests contents of endosomes, pinocytic vesicles, and phagosomes. Transports final products of digestion into cytosol; digests worn-out organelles, entire cells, and extracellular materials.
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| Golgi Apparatus (complex) | Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; structurally and functionally divided into entry face, medial cisternae, and exit face
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| Pharmacology | science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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| Osteogenic Sarcoma | The most frequent type of childhood cancer, destroys the bone tissue
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| Metastasis | The spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body
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| Mutations | Permanent changes in the DNA base sequence of a gene
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| Oncology | The study of tumors
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| Autolysis | responsible for tissue deterioration after death
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| Mythymine | AUG. Always the first one in Amino Acids
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| Ligand | A specific molecule that binds to a receptor
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| Electrochemical gradient | The combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion
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| Histones | eight yellow protein balls together. help organize the coiling and folding of DNA
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| A, B, C, D | Asymetrical, Border irregulary, coloration, diatmeter
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| Apotosis | an orderly, genetically programmed death
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| Telomeres | DNA sequence found only at the tips of each chromosome
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| Nucleosome | Made up of DNA
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| Nuclei | Made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins
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| Werner Syndrome | A rare, inherited disease that causes a rapid acceleration of aging, usually while a person is in their 20's. Symptoms are wrinkling of the skin, graying of the hair and baldness, cataracts, and muscular atrophy. Most afflicted people die before 50.
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| Progeria | A disease characterized by normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging. It is cause by a genetic defect in which telomers are considerably shorter than normal. Symptoms include dry/wrinkled skin, baldness. dies around age 13.
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| Tumor Markers | A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as the specific type.
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| Metaplasia | The transformation of one type of cell into another
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| Hypertrophy | Increase in the size of cells without cell division
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| Hyperplasia | Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division
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| Dysplasia | Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia or revert to normal if the irritation is removed
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| Atrophy | A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away.
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| Anaplasia | The loss of tissue differentation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies.
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| Epidemiology | The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in a human community
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| Oncogenes | when inappropriately activated, it has the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell.
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| Carcinogen | A chemical agent or radiation that produces cancer
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| Osteoma | Cancer of a bone
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| Benign Tumor | A neoplasm that does not metastasize
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| Lymphoma | A malignant disease of lymphatic tissue
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| Leukemia | Cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells)
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| Sarcoma | A general term for any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissue
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| Melanomas | Cancerous growths of melanocytes, skin epithelial cells that produce the pigment melanin.
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| Membrane potential | when a difference in electrical charges between two regions constitutes an electrical gradient, occurring across the plasma membrane.
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