Biology Regents 2018 Vocabulary
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| respiration | the process of forming ATP within cells,
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| autotroph | plants (producers) that make their own food (glucose) through photosynthesis
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| biodiversity | the presence of many different species with different niches (roles) in the environment, helps ensure survival
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| fertilization | the process of fusing of a sperm cell and egg cell to form a zygote (diploid cell)
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| variability | genetic changes in a species that provides an increased chance for survival; natural selection and survival of the fittest from mutations, modification and recombination of genes during meiosis.
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| mutation | changes in the DNA sequences (radiation or exposure to harmful chemicals causes cancer)
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| cloning | reproducing organisms that are genetically identical to a parent
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| meiosis | the process of producing haploid cells to reproduce, males produce sperm cells and females produce egg cells
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| mitosis | produces two genetically identical cells to a parent cell during asexual reproduction (ameobas).
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| asexual reproduction | the process by which a single parent reproduces by itself and the offspring is genetically identical to its parent (ameba, yeast, bacteria= clones)
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| genetic recombination | the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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| testosterone | the hormone that stimulates sperm production and formation of sex characteristics in males
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| placenta | organ in mammals through which nutrients, O, CO2, and wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother
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| genetic engineering | the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms.
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| ecological succession | gradual change in living communities that follow a disturbance..fire burns down a field with animals and they eventually all return
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| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area that is more concentrated to less concentrated
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| active transport | energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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| receptor molecules | used by cells to receive messages, they are specific to the messages
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| DNA replication | making an identical copy of a cell's DNA by unzipping and coding with matching bases A-T G-C
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| consumers | organisms that eat other organisms to obtain the food they require; energy is transferred from one to the other in the food web
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| hypothesis | a statement made prior to experimentation regarding results that are expected.
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| homeostasis | an ideal, stable set of conditions within an organism.
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| spermatogenesis | males ability to produce 4 haploid sperm cells
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| oogenesis | woman's ability to produce 1 haploid egg
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| finite resources | cannot be restored in short periods of time (water, coal, and oil), depletion is caused by human population.
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| independent variable | the number/information known before the experiment (time or minutes)
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| dependent variable | what is measured in the experiment, such as mL of oxygen gas produced.
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| energy pyramid | a diagram that represents the amount of energy held by different categories of organisms in the environment. Energy is lost at each level.
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| selective breeding | called artificial selection, creates unique breeds of farm plants or animals over many generations.
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| DNA mutations | may be passed on to the next generation if they are located in the cells that produce gametes, lead to genetic variation, most harmful, some enhance survival of offspring
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| antibodies | Y shaped proteins produced by white blood cells in the body that attach to invading pathogens and clump them together.
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| pathogens | disease causing agent such as bacteria, viruses and toxins, white blood cells fight them off during an immune response.
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| cancer | involves body cells dividing uncontrollably by mitosis.
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| abiotic factor | non living things in the environment (air, water, soil, sunlight, PH, and temperature)
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| biotic factor | are living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria in an environment.
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| gel electrophoresis | technique used to separate fragments of cut DNA according to size, makes a banning pattern for paternity cases, criminal evidence and evolutionary studies.
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| chromatography | procedure used to produce chlorophyll and leaf cell patterns for identification.
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| niche | a species role in the environment.
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| starch molecule | an amino acid that bonds together to form a complex molecule
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| substitution | frameshift of codons that code for a different amino acid, changes proteins produced (Sickle Cell Anemia)
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Created by:
Ann Marie Brezosky
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