Radiation Biology
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| TD 5/5 indicates the dose required to cause a 5% chance of injury to people irradiated within _______ following exposure. | 5 years
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| LD 50/30 indicates the dose likely to cause death in 50% of the population within _________ following exposure. | 30 days
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| The TD 5/5 for the whole kidney using standard fractionation is approximately: | 23 Gy
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| The TD 5/5 for the whole brain using standard fractionation is approx.: | 50 Gy
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| The period of organogenesis normally occurs during the _______ weeks of fetal development: | 2-8th
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| The radiosensitivity in tissue may be enhanced by | increasing the dose given
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| The phase of cellular division most resistant to radiation is the | S phase- dna synthesis
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| The immediate symptoms that appear after an acute radiation exposure are called | prodromal symptoms
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| The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are | actively mitotic, undifferentiated, have a long mitotic future
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| The development of a radiation-induced cancer is known as a | stochastic effect
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| Nausea is associated with the ______________ syndrom | prodromal
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| radiation interacts with tissue | uniformly
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| The _____ describes the relative response to radiation in the presence or absence of oxygen. | OER
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| Cells are most sensitive during the ____________ phase of division | M
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| The fraction of cells actually progressing through cycles of division is known as the __________ fraction | surviving
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| The period over which radiation is delivered is referred to as the | fractionation
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| Erythematous skin reactions during fractionated radiation therapy are seen as a result of | vascular dilation in the area
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| Epilation may initially be observed in patients receiving radiation under standard fractionation schemes at an approximate dose of | 15 Gy
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| The production of free radicals most often occurs from the irradiation of | water
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| Protracted or fractionated dose are better tolerated by tissue than single doses because | tissue repair occurs between exposures
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| Which of the following is an effect of radiation on DNA? | cross-linking
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| As the dose of radiation increases | tissue recovery time decreases
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| In linear or nonlinear threshold dose-response curves, the following is true of the response | response is proportional to dose
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| radiation sickness symptoms associated with the reduced number of leukocytes is a major characteristic of | hematopoietic syndrome
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| the average energy deposited per unit of path length to a medium ionizing radiation as it passes through that medium best describes | linear energy transfer (LET)
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| the most radiosensitive tissue group among the following is the | alimentary tract
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| the four Rs of radiation biology are | Reoxygenation, repopulation, redistribution, repair
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| the whole body syndrome most likely to be observed following a single dose of 1-10 Gy is the | hematopoietic syndrome
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| which of the following would be stochastic or late radiation response? | lung cancer
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| which of the following is more accurate representation of cell radiosensitivity? | Do: the small the Do the more radiosensitive
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| the standard radiation used to determine RBE is | 250 keV xray
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| the central nervouse system syndrome may be observed in those exposed to single whole body doses of | 5000 cGy
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| without medical intervention, a person exposed to a single whole body dose of _______ may die within 10 days | 10 Gy
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| normal tissue healing following radiation occurs by | regeneration and repair
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| irradiation of the salivary glands may lead to permanent xerostomia above doses of ______using the typical 2 Gy per tx, 5 tx's per week fractionation scheme. | 40 Gy
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| exceeding the TD 50/5 for the spinal cord may lead to | myelitis necrosis
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| tissue injury _______ as the volume of tissue irradiated increases. | increases
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| the TD 5/5 for the colon is ______ than the TD 50/5 for the colon | lower
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| the TD 5/5 is _______ for immature bone than for mature bone | lower
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| the TD 5/5 is ________ for bone marrow irradiation in a single dose than in fractionated doses. | lower
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| an anticipated response to radiation dose above 55 Gy to the colon is | fistula
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| the TD 5/5 for the ovary is _________ than the TD 5/5 for the lung | lower
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| Regarding nonstochastic effects, they are: | the effects are never seen in the future generations, the severity of effects is related to dose
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| the most radiosensitive tissue group is: central nervous, alimentary tract, lens, urinary | lens
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| the part of the cell between the membrane and the nucleus is known as the | cytoplasm
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| the effect of radiation on tissue is influenced by | radiation type, fractionation, volume of tissue irradiated, total dose
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| the primary function of the cell nucleus is | housing DNA and RNA
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| The physical or mechanical restoration of damaged tissue | repair
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| Grade 1 toxicity for the skin caused by depopulation of clonogenic cells in the epidermis | desquamation
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| division of total dose into smaller doses given at intervals | fractionation
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| acronym for average energy deposited per unit of path length | LET
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| liberated constituent of a molecule | free radical
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| the occupational dose limit for deterministic effects to the lens of the eye is lower than the limit for the skin because | the lens has a greater sensitivity to radiation than the skin
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| the main objectives of radiation protection include | prevention of radiation-induced stochastic effects
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| a grade 1 morbidity score for the colon would indicate | change in frequency or bowel habits
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| a grade 3 morbidity score for the skin would indicate | confluent moist desquamation
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| the onset dose for wet desquamation during standard fractionation is | 40 Gy
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| somatic effects are | the effects limited to the exposed individual
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| conventional fractionation was based on experiments performed to | sterilize rams
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| the cardinal sins of tissue injury include | redness, swelling, heat, pain
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| regarding the tolerance of tissue, as the volume irradiated increases | the tolerance dose decreases
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| lethal damage | is irreparable and leads to cell death
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| At doses above ________ Gy, you may see latent stricture in the esophagus during standard fractionation | 60
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| Ionizing radiation can disrupt chemical ______ in important biologic materials | bonds
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| Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA | phosphene
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| the structure of DNA is referred to as a | double helix
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| somatic cellular division takes place through the process of | mitosis
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| which phase of the cell cycle occurs between the 2 gap phases, G1 and G2 | synthesis, S phase
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| the steps of cellular division in proper order are? | G1, S, G2, M
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| a cell survival curve | usually has a shoulder and straight portion
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| high LET radiation usually has | high RBE
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| which dose effect curve implies that if radiation dose is doubled, the biologic effect will be doubled | linear
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| when radiation exposure is fractionated | the biologic effect is lessened
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| cellular growth and development is called | proliferation
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| the key target in the human cell is the | DNA
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| cells are about _____ water | 85%
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| on the cell survival curve, the "n" number denotes the | extrapolation number
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| radiation would have less effect on a cell if given | over a long period of time
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