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TD 5/5 indicates the dose required to cause a 5% chance of injury to people irradiated within _______ following exposure.
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LD 50/30 indicates the dose likely to cause death in 50% of the population within _________ following exposure.
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Radiation Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| TD 5/5 indicates the dose required to cause a 5% chance of injury to people irradiated within _______ following exposure. | 5 years |
| LD 50/30 indicates the dose likely to cause death in 50% of the population within _________ following exposure. | 30 days |
| The TD 5/5 for the whole kidney using standard fractionation is approximately: | 23 Gy |
| The TD 5/5 for the whole brain using standard fractionation is approx.: | 50 Gy |
| The period of organogenesis normally occurs during the _______ weeks of fetal development: | 2-8th |
| The radiosensitivity in tissue may be enhanced by | increasing the dose given |
| The phase of cellular division most resistant to radiation is the | S phase- dna synthesis |
| The immediate symptoms that appear after an acute radiation exposure are called | prodromal symptoms |
| The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are | actively mitotic, undifferentiated, have a long mitotic future |
| The development of a radiation-induced cancer is known as a | stochastic effect |
| Nausea is associated with the ______________ syndrom | prodromal |
| radiation interacts with tissue | uniformly |
| The _____ describes the relative response to radiation in the presence or absence of oxygen. | OER |
| Cells are most sensitive during the ____________ phase of division | M |
| The fraction of cells actually progressing through cycles of division is known as the __________ fraction | surviving |
| The period over which radiation is delivered is referred to as the | fractionation |
| Erythematous skin reactions during fractionated radiation therapy are seen as a result of | vascular dilation in the area |
| Epilation may initially be observed in patients receiving radiation under standard fractionation schemes at an approximate dose of | 15 Gy |
| The production of free radicals most often occurs from the irradiation of | water |
| Protracted or fractionated dose are better tolerated by tissue than single doses because | tissue repair occurs between exposures |
| Which of the following is an effect of radiation on DNA? | cross-linking |
| As the dose of radiation increases | tissue recovery time decreases |
| In linear or nonlinear threshold dose-response curves, the following is true of the response | response is proportional to dose |
| radiation sickness symptoms associated with the reduced number of leukocytes is a major characteristic of | hematopoietic syndrome |
| the average energy deposited per unit of path length to a medium ionizing radiation as it passes through that medium best describes | linear energy transfer (LET) |
| the most radiosensitive tissue group among the following is the | alimentary tract |
| the four Rs of radiation biology are | Reoxygenation, repopulation, redistribution, repair |
| the whole body syndrome most likely to be observed following a single dose of 1-10 Gy is the | hematopoietic syndrome |
| which of the following would be stochastic or late radiation response? | lung cancer |
| which of the following is more accurate representation of cell radiosensitivity? | Do: the small the Do the more radiosensitive |
| the standard radiation used to determine RBE is | 250 keV xray |
| the central nervouse system syndrome may be observed in those exposed to single whole body doses of | 5000 cGy |
| without medical intervention, a person exposed to a single whole body dose of _______ may die within 10 days | 10 Gy |
| normal tissue healing following radiation occurs by | regeneration and repair |
| irradiation of the salivary glands may lead to permanent xerostomia above doses of ______using the typical 2 Gy per tx, 5 tx's per week fractionation scheme. | 40 Gy |
| exceeding the TD 50/5 for the spinal cord may lead to | myelitis necrosis |
| tissue injury _______ as the volume of tissue irradiated increases. | increases |
| the TD 5/5 for the colon is ______ than the TD 50/5 for the colon | lower |
| the TD 5/5 is _______ for immature bone than for mature bone | lower |
| the TD 5/5 is ________ for bone marrow irradiation in a single dose than in fractionated doses. | lower |
| an anticipated response to radiation dose above 55 Gy to the colon is | fistula |
| the TD 5/5 for the ovary is _________ than the TD 5/5 for the lung | lower |
| Regarding nonstochastic effects, they are: | the effects are never seen in the future generations, the severity of effects is related to dose |
| the most radiosensitive tissue group is: central nervous, alimentary tract, lens, urinary | lens |
| the part of the cell between the membrane and the nucleus is known as the | cytoplasm |
| the effect of radiation on tissue is influenced by | radiation type, fractionation, volume of tissue irradiated, total dose |
| the primary function of the cell nucleus is | housing DNA and RNA |
| The physical or mechanical restoration of damaged tissue | repair |
| Grade 1 toxicity for the skin caused by depopulation of clonogenic cells in the epidermis | desquamation |
| division of total dose into smaller doses given at intervals | fractionation |
| acronym for average energy deposited per unit of path length | LET |
| liberated constituent of a molecule | free radical |
| the occupational dose limit for deterministic effects to the lens of the eye is lower than the limit for the skin because | the lens has a greater sensitivity to radiation than the skin |
| the main objectives of radiation protection include | prevention of radiation-induced stochastic effects |
| a grade 1 morbidity score for the colon would indicate | change in frequency or bowel habits |
| a grade 3 morbidity score for the skin would indicate | confluent moist desquamation |
| the onset dose for wet desquamation during standard fractionation is | 40 Gy |
| somatic effects are | the effects limited to the exposed individual |
| conventional fractionation was based on experiments performed to | sterilize rams |
| the cardinal sins of tissue injury include | redness, swelling, heat, pain |
| regarding the tolerance of tissue, as the volume irradiated increases | the tolerance dose decreases |
| lethal damage | is irreparable and leads to cell death |
| At doses above ________ Gy, you may see latent stricture in the esophagus during standard fractionation | 60 |
| Ionizing radiation can disrupt chemical ______ in important biologic materials | bonds |
| Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA | phosphene |
| the structure of DNA is referred to as a | double helix |
| somatic cellular division takes place through the process of | mitosis |
| which phase of the cell cycle occurs between the 2 gap phases, G1 and G2 | synthesis, S phase |
| the steps of cellular division in proper order are? | G1, S, G2, M |
| a cell survival curve | usually has a shoulder and straight portion |
| high LET radiation usually has | high RBE |
| which dose effect curve implies that if radiation dose is doubled, the biologic effect will be doubled | linear |
| when radiation exposure is fractionated | the biologic effect is lessened |
| cellular growth and development is called | proliferation |
| the key target in the human cell is the | DNA |
| cells are about _____ water | 85% |
| on the cell survival curve, the "n" number denotes the | extrapolation number |
| radiation would have less effect on a cell if given | over a long period of time |
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shelbybrynngomez