Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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| Helical; move by flagella, if present | SPIRILLA
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| Spherical; in chains | STREPTOCOCCI
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| Divide in three regular planes; spheres form cubelike packets. | SARCINAE
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| Helical; axial filaments for motility | SPIROCHETES
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| A simple, commalike curve | VIBRIOS
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| Name means "little staff" | BACILLI
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| Ovals | COCCOBACILLI
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| Golgi complex | EUKARYOTIC CELL
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| Meiosis occurs in reproduction | EUKARYOTIC CELL
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| Single circular chromosome without histones | PROKARYOTIC CELL
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| Sterols generally present in cell membrane | EUKARYOTIC CELL
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| Cell wall almost always contains peptidoglycans | PROKARYOTIC CELL
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| Nucleus bounded by a membrane. | EUKARYOTIC CELL
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| Contain pigments for photosynthesis by bacteria; found in the plasma membrane. | CHROMATOPHORES
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| Gram negative bacterial cells after their treatment with lysozyme. | SPHEROPLASTS
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| Specialized external structures that assist in the transfer of genetic material between cells. | SEX PILI
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| Numerous short, hairlike appendages that help in attachment to mucous membranes | FIMBRIAE
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| General term for substances surrounding bacterial cells | GLYCOCALYX
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| Polysaccharides found in the cell wall of many gram positive bacteria | TEICHOIC ACIDS
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| Inclusions of iron oxide | MAGNETOSOMES
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| Metachromatic granules of stored phosphate in prokaryotes. | VOLUTIN
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| Entrance of fluids and dissolved substances into eukaryotic cells | PINOCYTOSIS
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| Membrane-enclosed spheres in phagocytic cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes. | LYSOSOMES
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| The "powerhouses" of the cell | MITOCHONDRIA
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| A gel-like fluid found in the eukaryotic nucleus | NUCLEOPLASM
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| A folded inner membrane found in mitochondria | CRISTAE
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| Sometimes contributes to movement of a cell. | CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING
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| Arrangement of flagella distributed over the entire cell. | PERITRICHOUS
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| A single flagellum at each end of the cell | AMPHITRICHOUS
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| A widening at the base of the flagellar filament. | HOOK
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| An enzyme affecting gram positive cell walls; found in tears | LYSOZYME
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| A compound found in bacterial endospores | DIPICOLINIC ACID
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| A compound frequently found in the cell walls of yeasts | CHITIN
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| Closely involved in protein synthesis | RIBOSOMES
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| Structures characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membranes | PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
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| Found in the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells | MICROTUBULES
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| Highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species | ENDOSPORES
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| Small circular DNA molecules that are not connected with the main chromosome | PLASMIDS
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| The semifluid center portion of the mitochondrion | MATRIX
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| A substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea | PSEUDOMUREIN
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| Bacteria with irregular morphology | PLEOMORPHIC
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| Extracellular polymeric substances on some bacterial cells; may help cells adhere to surfaces. | GLYCOCALYX
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| Bacterial cell with thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. | GRAM NEGATIVE
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| Protein that forms fimbriae | PILIN
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| Bundles of microtubules that probably play a role in cell division of eukaryotic cells | CENTRIOLES
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| Bacteria that have lost their cell walls and may later spontaneously regain them. | L-FORMS
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| ER associated with ribosomes | ROUGH ER
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| Ingrowth of plasma membrane before endospore formation | SEPTUM
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| Anchors the flagella of bacteria to the cell wall and plasma membrane. | BASAL BODY
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| Chemically, the capsule is a _________, a polypeptide, or both. | POLYSACCHARIDE
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| Capsules protect pathogenic bacteria from __________, a process by which protective host cells engulf and destroy microorganisms. | PHAGOCYTOSIS
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| The Golgi complex consists of flattened sacs called _________ that are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. | CISTERNS
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| The _____________ complex consists of four to eight flattened sacs connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. The function is largely secretion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. | GOLGI
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| The term ______________ means a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside. | HYPOTONIC
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| Three examples of passive diffusion across membranes are _____________, _____________, and _______________. | SIMPLE DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FACILITATED DIFFUSION
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| The protein in the flagellar filaments of bacteria is called ______________. | FLAGELLIN
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| DNA in eukaryotic cells is combined with protein _____________ and nonhistones. | HISTONES
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| What is glycocalyx? | Glycocalyx is a sticky, viscous, gelatinous polymer that surrounds some bacterial cells. It may be composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or a combination of these two substances. It may be referred to as a slime layer or a capsule.
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| How is the presence of a glycocalyx related to bacterial virulence? | The glycocalyx is associated with bacterial virulence because it helps protect the bacterium from phagocytosis by white blood cells and helps the bacterium to adhere to and colonize a host.
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| What substances are able to cross the plasma membrane most easily? | Substances that dissolve most easily. These include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nonpolar organic molecules. Also, small molecules such as water.
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| Describe how a bacterial cell will respond to the following osmotic pressures: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic | No change in isotonic, water leaves & enters at the same rate. Hypotonic will undergo osmotic lysis b/c more water will enter the cell than the cell can contain. Hypertonic, will undergo plasmolysis, loss of water due to increased solutes outside the cell
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| How is the presence of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells clinically significant? | ABX such as PCN and the cephalosporins act specifically against peptidoglycan & therfore have low toxicity in humans. These drugs prevent the formation of the peptide cross-bridges of peptidoglycan preventing synthesis of a functional cell wall
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| Discuss the endosymbiont hypothesis. Is there any evidence to support the endosymbiont hypothesis? | Evidence is seen in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both organelles have 70S ribosomes the type seen in prokaryotic cells, Also, mitochondria and chloroplasts multiply and grow within eukaryotic cells
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