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Microbiology
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Helical; move by flagella, if present | SPIRILLA |
| Spherical; in chains | STREPTOCOCCI |
| Divide in three regular planes; spheres form cubelike packets. | SARCINAE |
| Helical; axial filaments for motility | SPIROCHETES |
| A simple, commalike curve | VIBRIOS |
| Name means "little staff" | BACILLI |
| Ovals | COCCOBACILLI |
| Golgi complex | EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| Meiosis occurs in reproduction | EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| Single circular chromosome without histones | PROKARYOTIC CELL |
| Sterols generally present in cell membrane | EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| Cell wall almost always contains peptidoglycans | PROKARYOTIC CELL |
| Nucleus bounded by a membrane. | EUKARYOTIC CELL |
| Contain pigments for photosynthesis by bacteria; found in the plasma membrane. | CHROMATOPHORES |
| Gram negative bacterial cells after their treatment with lysozyme. | SPHEROPLASTS |
| Specialized external structures that assist in the transfer of genetic material between cells. | SEX PILI |
| Numerous short, hairlike appendages that help in attachment to mucous membranes | FIMBRIAE |
| General term for substances surrounding bacterial cells | GLYCOCALYX |
| Polysaccharides found in the cell wall of many gram positive bacteria | TEICHOIC ACIDS |
| Inclusions of iron oxide | MAGNETOSOMES |
| Metachromatic granules of stored phosphate in prokaryotes. | VOLUTIN |
| Entrance of fluids and dissolved substances into eukaryotic cells | PINOCYTOSIS |
| Membrane-enclosed spheres in phagocytic cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes. | LYSOSOMES |
| The "powerhouses" of the cell | MITOCHONDRIA |
| A gel-like fluid found in the eukaryotic nucleus | NUCLEOPLASM |
| A folded inner membrane found in mitochondria | CRISTAE |
| Sometimes contributes to movement of a cell. | CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING |
| Arrangement of flagella distributed over the entire cell. | PERITRICHOUS |
| A single flagellum at each end of the cell | AMPHITRICHOUS |
| A widening at the base of the flagellar filament. | HOOK |
| An enzyme affecting gram positive cell walls; found in tears | LYSOZYME |
| A compound found in bacterial endospores | DIPICOLINIC ACID |
| A compound frequently found in the cell walls of yeasts | CHITIN |
| Closely involved in protein synthesis | RIBOSOMES |
| Structures characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membranes | PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
| Found in the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells | MICROTUBULES |
| Highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species | ENDOSPORES |
| Small circular DNA molecules that are not connected with the main chromosome | PLASMIDS |
| The semifluid center portion of the mitochondrion | MATRIX |
| A substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea | PSEUDOMUREIN |
| Bacteria with irregular morphology | PLEOMORPHIC |
| Extracellular polymeric substances on some bacterial cells; may help cells adhere to surfaces. | GLYCOCALYX |
| Bacterial cell with thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. | GRAM NEGATIVE |
| Protein that forms fimbriae | PILIN |
| Bundles of microtubules that probably play a role in cell division of eukaryotic cells | CENTRIOLES |
| Bacteria that have lost their cell walls and may later spontaneously regain them. | L-FORMS |
| ER associated with ribosomes | ROUGH ER |
| Ingrowth of plasma membrane before endospore formation | SEPTUM |
| Anchors the flagella of bacteria to the cell wall and plasma membrane. | BASAL BODY |
| Chemically, the capsule is a _________, a polypeptide, or both. | POLYSACCHARIDE |
| Capsules protect pathogenic bacteria from __________, a process by which protective host cells engulf and destroy microorganisms. | PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| The Golgi complex consists of flattened sacs called _________ that are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. | CISTERNS |
| The _____________ complex consists of four to eight flattened sacs connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. The function is largely secretion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. | GOLGI |
| The term ______________ means a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside. | HYPOTONIC |
| Three examples of passive diffusion across membranes are _____________, _____________, and _______________. | SIMPLE DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FACILITATED DIFFUSION |
| The protein in the flagellar filaments of bacteria is called ______________. | FLAGELLIN |
| DNA in eukaryotic cells is combined with protein _____________ and nonhistones. | HISTONES |
| What is glycocalyx? | Glycocalyx is a sticky, viscous, gelatinous polymer that surrounds some bacterial cells. It may be composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or a combination of these two substances. It may be referred to as a slime layer or a capsule. |
| How is the presence of a glycocalyx related to bacterial virulence? | The glycocalyx is associated with bacterial virulence because it helps protect the bacterium from phagocytosis by white blood cells and helps the bacterium to adhere to and colonize a host. |
| What substances are able to cross the plasma membrane most easily? | Substances that dissolve most easily. These include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nonpolar organic molecules. Also, small molecules such as water. |
| Describe how a bacterial cell will respond to the following osmotic pressures: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic | No change in isotonic, water leaves & enters at the same rate. Hypotonic will undergo osmotic lysis b/c more water will enter the cell than the cell can contain. Hypertonic, will undergo plasmolysis, loss of water due to increased solutes outside the cell |
| How is the presence of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells clinically significant? | ABX such as PCN and the cephalosporins act specifically against peptidoglycan & therfore have low toxicity in humans. These drugs prevent the formation of the peptide cross-bridges of peptidoglycan preventing synthesis of a functional cell wall |
| Discuss the endosymbiont hypothesis. Is there any evidence to support the endosymbiont hypothesis? | Evidence is seen in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Both organelles have 70S ribosomes the type seen in prokaryotic cells, Also, mitochondria and chloroplasts multiply and grow within eukaryotic cells |
Created by:
Micheleledet17
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