Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope
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| The electrons pass through a thin section of the specimen | TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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| Visible light passes through the specimen; uses separate objective and ocular lenses. | COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
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| Details become visible because of differences in the refractive index of different parts of the cell. | PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
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| Visible light is scattered after striking the specimen, and the specimen is visible against a darkened background. | DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE
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| A special microscope using ultraviolet illumination. | FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE
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| The electrons strike the surface of the specimen, and secondary electrons leaving the surface are viewed on a television-like screen | SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
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| Pertaining to the relative velocities of light through a substance. | REFRACTIVE INDEX
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| Involves the use of antibodies and ultraviolet light. | IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
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| One millionth of a meter | NANOMETER
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| One ten-billionth of a meter. | ANGSTROM
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| The ability to separate two points in a microscope field. | RESOLVING POWER
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| Adhere(s) best to bacteria, which have a negative charge, because the color molecule has a positive charge. | BASIC DYES
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| Used in diagnosis of tuberculosis | ACID-FAST STAIN
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| Involve(s) the use of a negative stain made from India ink particles. | CAPSULE STAIN
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| Schaeffer-Fulton stain | ENDOSPORE STAIN
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| Use(s) carbolfuchsin dye. | ACID-FAST STAIN
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| Use(s) malachite green. | ENDOSPORE STAIN
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| Reflect(s) a basic difference between microbial cell walls; ethanol will not remove stain from bacteria. | GRAM STAIN
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| A microscope that uses laser illumination | CONFOCAL
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| Extremely thin microbes, for example, the spirochete Treponema pallidum, are best seen with this type of light microscope. | TRANSMISSION
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| This type of electron microscope yields images with seemingly three-dimensional views of the specimen. | SCANNING
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| Light rays that pass through different portions of the specimen reach the eye with their wave-peaks reinforced or cancelled, making structures of the specimen relatively light or dark. | PHASE CONTRAST
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| Formerly known as a micron | MICROMETER
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| Formerly known as a millimicron | NANOMETER
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| This is 10 the the -10th of a meter | ANGSTROM
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| A billionth of a meter | NANOMETER
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| About the highest magnification possible in a compound light microscope is ______________________ | 2000
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| Immersion oil has about the same refractive index as ________________ | GLASS
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| Fluorochrome dyes glow with visible light when illuminated by _________________________ light. | ULTRAVIOLET
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| Electron wavelengths are only about 1/100,000 as long as visible light and therefore have much _______________ resolving power. (better, poorer) | BETTER
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| Bacteria tend to have slightly __________ electrical charge. (positive, negative) | NEGATIVE
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| The thin film of a microbial suspension spread on the surface of a slide is called a ________________. | SMEAR
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| Flaming the slide before applying the stain is called ____________. | FIXING
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| Transmission electron microscopy permits magnifications as high as about 10,000 times to _____________. | 100,000 times
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| In the flagella stain, a _____________ is used to increase the diameter of the flagella. | MORDANT
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| Two bacterial genera that are acid-fast are ____________ and _________________. | MYCOBACTERIUM, NOCARDIA
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| A disease for which the acid-fast stain is useful in diagnosis is ____________. | TUBERCULOSIS OR LEPROSY
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| In order to see shapes and arrangements of cells, a _____________ stain is usually sufficient. | SIMPLE
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| _______________ dyes have a negative color ion. (acidic, basic) | ACIDIC
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| The equation that describes the resolving power (RP) of a microscope is RP=wavelength of illumination/2 X Numerical Aperture. If the wavelength of light is 0.52 um, what is the resolving power? Numerical aperture of an oil immersion object is usually 1.30 | About 0.2 um
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| What type of microscopy would be most appropriate to identify pathogenic bacteria in clinical specimens? | FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
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| What type of microscopy would be most appropriate to view objects smaller than 0.2 um, such as viruses? | ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
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| What type of microscopy would be most appropriate to view heat-fixed, stained bacterial cells? | BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPY
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| What type of microscopy would be most appropriate to view microorganisms that can't be stained by standard methods, such as Treponema pallidum? | DARKFIELD MICROSCOPY
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| What type of microscopy would be most appropriate to view the internal structure of living microorganisms? | PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPY
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| What stain or technique would be most appropriate to detect bacterial capsules and evaluate an organism's virulence? | A NEGATIVE STAIN USING INDIA INK OR NIGROSIN. IT STAINS THE BACKGROUND BUT DOESN'T PENETRATE THE CAPSULE. THE CAPSULE SHOWS UP AS A HALO SURROUNDING THE CELL AGAINST A DARK BACKGROUND
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| What stain or technique would be most appropriate to provide the necessary contrast for viewing specimens with a compound light microscope | A SIMPLE STAIN SUCH AS SAFRANIN OR METHYLENE BLUE WILL WORK FINE
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| What stain or technique would be most appropriate to diagnose infections of Mycobacterium or Nocardia? | ACID-FAST STAINING WOULD BE APPROPRIATE. THE RED DYE, CARBOLFUCHSIN, BINDS STRONGLY TO A WAXY SUBSTANCE IN THE CELL WALL OF THESE ORGANISMS BUT NOT TO OTHER NONACID FAST BACTERIA
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| What stain or technique would be most appropriate to help determine what antibiotic will be most effective against a certain disease organism? | THE GRAM STAINING REACTION IS HELPFUL INFORMATION WHEN CHOOSING AN ANTIBIOTIC, WHICH OFTEN SHOWS SPECIFICITY FOR EITHER GRAM+ OR GRAM- BACTERIA.
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| Why do gram positive cells retain the crystal violet through the alcohol wash of Gram staining, whereas gram negative cells do not? | WHEN IODINE IS ADDED TO A SMEAR AFTER PREVIOUS STAINING WITH CRYSTAL VIOLET THEY COMBINE TO FORM A COMPLEX THAT IS LARGER THAN THE CRYSTAL VIOLET MOLECULE THAT INITIALLY ENTERED THE CELLS. IT IS TOO LARGE TO BE WASHED OUT.
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