Apologia Marine Biology
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| epipelagic zone | The area of the water column that extends from the surface down to about 200 m (650 ft)
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| pelagic zone | division of the ocean that represents all the water in the ocean with the exception of a thin layer on the bottom floor
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| photic zone | a layer of the ocean's surface into which light can penetrate to allow for photosynthesis
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| neritic zone | epipelagic water lying over the continental shelf
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| oceanic zone | epipelagic water lying over the all of the ocean except for the continental shelf
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| phytoplankton | organisms that are so powerfully productive that they can make food for themselves, organisms in their community, and other communities too
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| micrometer | one-millionth of a meter
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| holoplankton | species of zooplankton that spend their entire lives as plankton
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| meroplankton | species of zooplankton that spend only part of their lives as members of the plankton community
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| nekton | marine organisms that swim strongly enough to move against the ocean current
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| planktivorous | marine organisms that feed only on zooplankton
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| drag | waters tendency to resist the motion of objects
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| buoyancy | a flotation strategy to help nektonic organisms stay afloat
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| neuston | planktonic organisms living at the sea surface
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| countershading | a method of camouflage in which an organism's coloration is darker on the upper side and lighter on the underside of the body
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| myoglobin | a protein that provides more oxygen availability and gives the inside layer of muscle a darker color
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| vertical migration | daily movement of small marine animals between the photic zone and lower depths
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| dissolved organic matter (DOM) | organic material dissolved in ocean water
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| microbial loop | the flow of energy in the epipelagic beginning with the phytoplankton, dissolved organic matter, and the smallest zooplankton, making energy available to the major food web
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| thermocline | a thin but distinct layer in a large body of water in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below
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| overturn | the process where cool winter temperatures cause the water of the surface layer to become colder & denser. this causes the water to sink & displaces the water in the deep layer, causing it to move upward.
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| upwelling | the process that carries colder, nutrient-rich water upward to a more shallow depth
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| Southern Oscillation | barometric pressure changes between the Pacific Ocean & Indian Ocean
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| El Nino | a change in the surface currents on the Peruvian and Chilean coasts of South America resulting in coastal upwelling, bringing large quantities of nutrients up into the epipelagic zone
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