Stack #277189
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| exists 3 states; solid, liquid, and gas | matter
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| a substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means | chemical elements
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| Name four major elements that occur naturally in the body | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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| the science of structure and interactions of matter | chemistry
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| the amount of matter in any object | mass
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| the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element | atoms
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| Name 3 types of subatomic particles for understanding chemical reactions in the human body | protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| regions around the nucleus | electron shell
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic number
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| the sum of its protons and neutrons | mass number
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| atoms an element with differenct numbers of neutrons therefore different mass numbers, but have identical chemical properties | isotopes
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| unstable, nuclei decay into a stable configuration, as the charge, atoms emit radiation | radioactive isotopes
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| time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay into stable form | half life
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| follow movement of certain substances through the body | tracers
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| standard and unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles | dalton, atomic mass units
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| electrically charged forms,an atom either gives up or gains electrons | ions
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| two or more atoms share electrons resulting combination | molecule
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| a substance that contains aotms of two or more different elements | compound
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| electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell | free radical
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| forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound | chemical bond
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| detemines a chemical bond depending on the number of electrons in its outermost shell | valence shell
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| the force of attraction that hold together ions with opposite charges | ionic bonds
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| total number of protons exceeds the number of electrons to froma positively charged ion | cation
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| total number of electrons exceeds the number of electrons to form a postively charged ion | anion
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| ionic compounds that break apart into positive and negative ions in solution, "can conduct an electric current" | electrolytes
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| forms two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or lossing them | covalent bonds
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| result s when two atoms share one electron pair | single covalent bond
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| two atoms share the electrons equally, one atoms does not attract the shared electron more strongly than the other atom | nonpolar covalent bond
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| the sharing of elctrons between two atoms is unequal, the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electron more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom | polar covalent bond
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| polar covalent bonds that form between hydrogen atoms, a partical positive charge attracts the particle negative charge of neighboring electron negative atoms, most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms | hydrogen bonds
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| release more energy, than they absorb | exergonic reactions
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| absorbs more energy, than they release | endergonic reactions
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| chemical compounds that speed up chemical rections by lowering the activation energy needed for a reation to occur | catalyst
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| the most important catalyst in the human body is | enzymes
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| when tow or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules | synthesis reactions
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| all synthesis reactions that occur in the body, usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release | anabolism
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| split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules | decompostion reactions
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| decompositionreactions that occur in the body, usually exergonic because they release more energy than they release more energy than they absorb | catabolism
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| consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions "switch partners" | exchange reactions
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| chemical reactions where the products can revert to the orginal reactants | versible reactions
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| usually lack carbon and are structually simple, water, salts, acids and bases with either ionic or covalent bonds | inorganic compounds
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| always contain carbon, ususally contain hydrogen and always covalent bonds | organic compounds
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| where a substance called the solvent dissolves another substance called the solute | solution
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| water loving and dissolve easily in water polar covalent bonds | hydrophilic
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| water fearing and not water soluable nonpolar covalent bonds | hydrophobic
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| loosen or break apart | hydrolysis
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| to smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, a water molecule is one of the products formed | dehydration synthesis reaction
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| a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds | mixture
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| differs froma solution mainly because of the size of its partilces, large enough to scatter light | colloids
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| the suspended material may mix with the liquid medium for sometime, but eventually it will settle out | suspension
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| give an example of suspension | blood
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| mass per volume, gives the relative mass of a solute found in given volume of solution | percentage
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| relate to the total number of molecules in a given volume of solution | moles per liter
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| the amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic mass of all its atoms | moles
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| pH of 0-7 | acidic solution
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| pH above 7 | basic (alkaline) solution
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| the more hydorgen ions dissolved in a solution the more what the solution | acidic the solution
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| the more hydorxide ion the more what the solution | basic (alkaline) solution
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| carbons bonded to hydrogen aotms | hydrocarbon
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| attached to the carbon skeleton, other atoms or molecules bound to the hydrocarbon skeletion | functional groups
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| the sournce of chemical energy for generating atp needed to drive metabolic reactions | carbohydrates
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| C6 H12 O6 | glucose
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| do not have a 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen and are hydrophobic | lipids
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| What is the type of lipid in the human body? | triglycerides
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| "head" is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, two fatty tails are nonpolar can interact with only other lipids | phospholipid
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| true or false phospholipid is a major storage lipid | false
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| proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions | enzymes
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| forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell | dexyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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| a segment of a DNA molecule, determine the traits we inherit, and control protein synthesis regulate most activites that take place in body cells | gene
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| Name four letters in DNA? | atcg
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| Name four letter in RNA: | aucg
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| the power to attract electrons to itself | electronegativity
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| a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid | surface tension
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| this system functions to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases | buffer system
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| the chemical compound that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones are | buffers
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| name one of the important buffer system in the body | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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| name the main polysaccharide in the human body | glucose
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| name the three major groups of carbohydrates? | monosachharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
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| small organic moelcules can combine into very large molecules | macromolecules
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| a polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identicla or similar small building block molecules | monomers
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| macromolecules are usally? | polymers
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| the simples lipids which are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids | fatty acids
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| the second important group of organic compounds | lipids
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| a three carbon molecule forms the backbone of a trigulceride | glycerol
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| lipids derived from 20-carbon fatty acids called arachidonic acid | eicosanoids
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| name the two principal subclasses of eicosanoids | prostaglandins and leukotrines
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| they modify reponses to hormones, contribute to the inflammatory response, prevent stomach ulcers, dilate airways to the lungs, and regulate body temp. | prostaglandins
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| particpate in allegic and inflammatory responses | leukotrines
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| large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen | protein
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| the monomers of proteins | amino acids
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| the covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids is, always forms between the carbon of the carboxyl group | peptide bond
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| the unique sequence of amino acids that are linked by covalent peptide bonds to form polypeptide chain | primary structure
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| any change in a protein's amino acid sequence, an example a nonpolar amino acid | sickle-cell disease
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| if a protein encounters an altered environment, it unravels and lose its characteridtic shape | denaturation
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| enzymes consist of two parts, protein portion called, and nonprotein portion called | apoenzyme and cofactor
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