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Stack #277189
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| exists 3 states; solid, liquid, and gas | matter |
| a substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means | chemical elements |
| Name four major elements that occur naturally in the body | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| the science of structure and interactions of matter | chemistry |
| the amount of matter in any object | mass |
| the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element | atoms |
| Name 3 types of subatomic particles for understanding chemical reactions in the human body | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| regions around the nucleus | electron shell |
| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | atomic number |
| the sum of its protons and neutrons | mass number |
| atoms an element with differenct numbers of neutrons therefore different mass numbers, but have identical chemical properties | isotopes |
| unstable, nuclei decay into a stable configuration, as the charge, atoms emit radiation | radioactive isotopes |
| time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay into stable form | half life |
| follow movement of certain substances through the body | tracers |
| standard and unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles | dalton, atomic mass units |
| electrically charged forms,an atom either gives up or gains electrons | ions |
| two or more atoms share electrons resulting combination | molecule |
| a substance that contains aotms of two or more different elements | compound |
| electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell | free radical |
| forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound | chemical bond |
| detemines a chemical bond depending on the number of electrons in its outermost shell | valence shell |
| the force of attraction that hold together ions with opposite charges | ionic bonds |
| total number of protons exceeds the number of electrons to froma positively charged ion | cation |
| total number of electrons exceeds the number of electrons to form a postively charged ion | anion |
| ionic compounds that break apart into positive and negative ions in solution, "can conduct an electric current" | electrolytes |
| forms two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or lossing them | covalent bonds |
| result s when two atoms share one electron pair | single covalent bond |
| two atoms share the electrons equally, one atoms does not attract the shared electron more strongly than the other atom | nonpolar covalent bond |
| the sharing of elctrons between two atoms is unequal, the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electron more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom | polar covalent bond |
| polar covalent bonds that form between hydrogen atoms, a partical positive charge attracts the particle negative charge of neighboring electron negative atoms, most often larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms | hydrogen bonds |
| release more energy, than they absorb | exergonic reactions |
| absorbs more energy, than they release | endergonic reactions |
| chemical compounds that speed up chemical rections by lowering the activation energy needed for a reation to occur | catalyst |
| the most important catalyst in the human body is | enzymes |
| when tow or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules | synthesis reactions |
| all synthesis reactions that occur in the body, usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release | anabolism |
| split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules | decompostion reactions |
| decompositionreactions that occur in the body, usually exergonic because they release more energy than they release more energy than they absorb | catabolism |
| consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions "switch partners" | exchange reactions |
| chemical reactions where the products can revert to the orginal reactants | versible reactions |
| usually lack carbon and are structually simple, water, salts, acids and bases with either ionic or covalent bonds | inorganic compounds |
| always contain carbon, ususally contain hydrogen and always covalent bonds | organic compounds |
| where a substance called the solvent dissolves another substance called the solute | solution |
| water loving and dissolve easily in water polar covalent bonds | hydrophilic |
| water fearing and not water soluable nonpolar covalent bonds | hydrophobic |
| loosen or break apart | hydrolysis |
| to smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, a water molecule is one of the products formed | dehydration synthesis reaction |
| a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds | mixture |
| differs froma solution mainly because of the size of its partilces, large enough to scatter light | colloids |
| the suspended material may mix with the liquid medium for sometime, but eventually it will settle out | suspension |
| give an example of suspension | blood |
| mass per volume, gives the relative mass of a solute found in given volume of solution | percentage |
| relate to the total number of molecules in a given volume of solution | moles per liter |
| the amount of any substance that has a mass in grams equal to the sum of the atomic mass of all its atoms | moles |
| pH of 0-7 | acidic solution |
| pH above 7 | basic (alkaline) solution |
| the more hydorgen ions dissolved in a solution the more what the solution | acidic the solution |
| the more hydorxide ion the more what the solution | basic (alkaline) solution |
| carbons bonded to hydrogen aotms | hydrocarbon |
| attached to the carbon skeleton, other atoms or molecules bound to the hydrocarbon skeletion | functional groups |
| the sournce of chemical energy for generating atp needed to drive metabolic reactions | carbohydrates |
| C6 H12 O6 | glucose |
| do not have a 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen and are hydrophobic | lipids |
| What is the type of lipid in the human body? | triglycerides |
| "head" is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, two fatty tails are nonpolar can interact with only other lipids | phospholipid |
| true or false phospholipid is a major storage lipid | false |
| proteins that speed up most biochemical reactions | enzymes |
| forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell | dexyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| a segment of a DNA molecule, determine the traits we inherit, and control protein synthesis regulate most activites that take place in body cells | gene |
| Name four letters in DNA? | atcg |
| Name four letter in RNA: | aucg |
| the power to attract electrons to itself | electronegativity |
| a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid | surface tension |
| this system functions to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases | buffer system |
| the chemical compound that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones are | buffers |
| name one of the important buffer system in the body | carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
| name the main polysaccharide in the human body | glucose |
| name the three major groups of carbohydrates? | monosachharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| small organic moelcules can combine into very large molecules | macromolecules |
| a polymer is a large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identicla or similar small building block molecules | monomers |
| macromolecules are usally? | polymers |
| the simples lipids which are used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids | fatty acids |
| the second important group of organic compounds | lipids |
| a three carbon molecule forms the backbone of a trigulceride | glycerol |
| lipids derived from 20-carbon fatty acids called arachidonic acid | eicosanoids |
| name the two principal subclasses of eicosanoids | prostaglandins and leukotrines |
| they modify reponses to hormones, contribute to the inflammatory response, prevent stomach ulcers, dilate airways to the lungs, and regulate body temp. | prostaglandins |
| particpate in allegic and inflammatory responses | leukotrines |
| large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen | protein |
| the monomers of proteins | amino acids |
| the covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids is, always forms between the carbon of the carboxyl group | peptide bond |
| the unique sequence of amino acids that are linked by covalent peptide bonds to form polypeptide chain | primary structure |
| any change in a protein's amino acid sequence, an example a nonpolar amino acid | sickle-cell disease |
| if a protein encounters an altered environment, it unravels and lose its characteridtic shape | denaturation |
| enzymes consist of two parts, protein portion called, and nonprotein portion called | apoenzyme and cofactor |
Created by:
jessesandoval153