Exam 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Decrease in osteoid (bone matrix) formation, decrease in mineralization, increase in bone resorption | Osteopenia
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| Measured by bone density scan | Osteoporosis
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| What is the SD that diagnosis osteoporosis | 2.5 SD below the mean
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| Mineralization failure | Osteomalacea
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| Abnormal increase in PTH | Osteitis fibrosis
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| Disorder of bone metabolism, increase in osteoclast resorption | Paget's disease
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| "Brittle bone disease", bones just break | Osteogenesis imperfecta
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| What controls PTH? | Calcitonin
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| Effects of PTH | increases serum Ca, increases calcitriol production, decreases serum phosphorus, Mg levels
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| Alpha cells | glucagon (increase glucose)
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| Beta cells | insulin (decrease glucose)
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| F cells | polypeptides
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| Epsilon cells | Ghrelin
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| Delta cells | somatostatin
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| What does somatostatin do? | Inhibits insulin, inhibits exocrine enzymes, decreases bile flow
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| What do polypeptides do? | Stimulate intestinal enzymes, decrease intestinal motility
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| What do acinar cells do | store digestive enzymes such as proteases
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| Name endocrine disorders | insulinoma, glucoglonoma, diabetes, stomatostatinoma, PPoma, islet disorders (insulin deficiency, glucagon excess)
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| Name exocrine disorders | pancreatitis, ARDS, Pancreatic cancer
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| What is ARDS | Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (auto digestion of pulmonary capillaries)
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| Name 3 monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose
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| Name 3 disaccharides | sucrose, maltose, lactose
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| Name 3 polysaccharides | starch, cellulose (cellulose), glycogen (energy storage)
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| Glucose is transported by what to the plasma membrane | glycoprotiens
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| Hexose Monophosphate Shunt | G6P to ribose and CO2
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| Uronic Acid Pathway | G6P to glucoronic acid
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| Glycogenesis | G6P to glycogen
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| Glycogenesis means | to form glycogen
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| The enzymes important in glycogenesis are: | Glycogen synthetase, protein kinase, cAmp, insulin
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| Active GS is | dephosphorylated
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| Inactive GS is | phosphorylated
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| What does protein kinase do? | phosphorylates GS
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| What does cAmp do? | Activates protein kinase therefore regulating the whole process (glycogenesis)
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| What does insulin do? | Regulates cAMP; insulin = decrease in cAMP
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| What is the key intermediate in gluconeogenesis? | Pyruvate
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| Hyperglycemic agents | increase blood sugar
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| Hypoglycemic agents | decrease blood sugar which inhibits glucose production and stimulates glucose storage
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| Give examples of hyperglycemic agents | glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, thyroxin
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| What does glucagon do? | Promotes glycogen breakdown
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| What does cortisol do? | increases the rate of gluconeogenesis
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| What does somatostatin do? | Blocks the effects of glucagon and insulin
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| What does insulin do? | Promotes metabolism, Glucose shift (extracellular to intracellular), facilitates glycogen, fat and protein storage
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| Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage | Glycogenesis
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| Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and other intermediate products | Glycogenolysis
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| Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as AA's, glycerol or lactate | Gluconeogenesis
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| Conversion of glucose or other hexoses into 3-C molecules (lactate or pyruvate) | Glycolysis
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| Glucose increase causing hyperglycemia. Insulin is compromised (decreased cellular response) | Diabetes
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| What percent of diabetes is type 1 | 5-10%
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| What is type 1 diabetes due to | viral infection (antibodies to islet cells), genetic predisposition, autoimmune (antibodies to islet cells)
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| 3 symptoms of type 1 diabetes | polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
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| Increased urination | polyuria
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| Increased thirst | polydipsia
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| increased hunger | polyphagia
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| What percent of diabetes is type 2 | 90-95%
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| What is type 2 diabetes caused by | age, diet, exercise
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| Do type 2 and type 1 diabetes have the same symptoms | Yes
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| Receptor site defect where insulin can't dock to cells and glucose can't get in | Type 2 diabetes
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| temporary diabetes during pregnancy | gestational diabetes
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| Functions of bone | support/structure, mineral homeostatis
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| Bone building cells (formation) | osteoblasts
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| Bone breaking cells (resorption) | osteoclasts
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| Mature bone cells | osteocytes
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| Things in the bone matrix | collagen fibers, non-collagenous, minerals, proteins, amino acids, hydroxyapatite crystals, others
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| Remodeling of bone is regulated by what | hormones (calcitropic hormones)
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| Best indicator of future bone health | bone mass in 30's
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| Key minerals in bone | Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
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| Forms of calcium | ionized (45%), bound to albumin (45%), complexed to anions (10%)
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| What percent of calcium is in the bones | 99%
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| What percent of phosphorus is in the bones | 80-85%
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| What other place can you find phosphorus stored in and to what percent? | muscle 9%
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| What percent of magnesium is stored in the bones? | 50-55%
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| Where else is magnesium stored besides the bones? | Intracellulary, muscle, blood
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| What regulate PTH release | magnesium and calcium
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| What does calcitriol do? | increases osteoclast activity
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| What is the inactive form of digestive enzymes called | zymogens
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| What enzyme activates trypsin by removing the AA chain | enterokinase
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| what are the upper GI tract hormones that help release pancreatic fluid | CCK, secretin and gastrin
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