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Clinical Chemistry
Exam 3
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Decrease in osteoid (bone matrix) formation, decrease in mineralization, increase in bone resorption | Osteopenia |
Measured by bone density scan | Osteoporosis |
What is the SD that diagnosis osteoporosis | 2.5 SD below the mean |
Mineralization failure | Osteomalacea |
Abnormal increase in PTH | Osteitis fibrosis |
Disorder of bone metabolism, increase in osteoclast resorption | Paget's disease |
"Brittle bone disease", bones just break | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
What controls PTH? | Calcitonin |
Effects of PTH | increases serum Ca, increases calcitriol production, decreases serum phosphorus, Mg levels |
Alpha cells | glucagon (increase glucose) |
Beta cells | insulin (decrease glucose) |
F cells | polypeptides |
Epsilon cells | Ghrelin |
Delta cells | somatostatin |
What does somatostatin do? | Inhibits insulin, inhibits exocrine enzymes, decreases bile flow |
What do polypeptides do? | Stimulate intestinal enzymes, decrease intestinal motility |
What do acinar cells do | store digestive enzymes such as proteases |
Name endocrine disorders | insulinoma, glucoglonoma, diabetes, stomatostatinoma, PPoma, islet disorders (insulin deficiency, glucagon excess) |
Name exocrine disorders | pancreatitis, ARDS, Pancreatic cancer |
What is ARDS | Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (auto digestion of pulmonary capillaries) |
Name 3 monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
Name 3 disaccharides | sucrose, maltose, lactose |
Name 3 polysaccharides | starch, cellulose (cellulose), glycogen (energy storage) |
Glucose is transported by what to the plasma membrane | glycoprotiens |
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt | G6P to ribose and CO2 |
Uronic Acid Pathway | G6P to glucoronic acid |
Glycogenesis | G6P to glycogen |
Glycogenesis means | to form glycogen |
The enzymes important in glycogenesis are: | Glycogen synthetase, protein kinase, cAmp, insulin |
Active GS is | dephosphorylated |
Inactive GS is | phosphorylated |
What does protein kinase do? | phosphorylates GS |
What does cAmp do? | Activates protein kinase therefore regulating the whole process (glycogenesis) |
What does insulin do? | Regulates cAMP; insulin = decrease in cAMP |
What is the key intermediate in gluconeogenesis? | Pyruvate |
Hyperglycemic agents | increase blood sugar |
Hypoglycemic agents | decrease blood sugar which inhibits glucose production and stimulates glucose storage |
Give examples of hyperglycemic agents | glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, thyroxin |
What does glucagon do? | Promotes glycogen breakdown |
What does cortisol do? | increases the rate of gluconeogenesis |
What does somatostatin do? | Blocks the effects of glucagon and insulin |
What does insulin do? | Promotes metabolism, Glucose shift (extracellular to intracellular), facilitates glycogen, fat and protein storage |
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage | Glycogenesis |
Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and other intermediate products | Glycogenolysis |
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as AA's, glycerol or lactate | Gluconeogenesis |
Conversion of glucose or other hexoses into 3-C molecules (lactate or pyruvate) | Glycolysis |
Glucose increase causing hyperglycemia. Insulin is compromised (decreased cellular response) | Diabetes |
What percent of diabetes is type 1 | 5-10% |
What is type 1 diabetes due to | viral infection (antibodies to islet cells), genetic predisposition, autoimmune (antibodies to islet cells) |
3 symptoms of type 1 diabetes | polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
Increased urination | polyuria |
Increased thirst | polydipsia |
increased hunger | polyphagia |
What percent of diabetes is type 2 | 90-95% |
What is type 2 diabetes caused by | age, diet, exercise |
Do type 2 and type 1 diabetes have the same symptoms | Yes |
Receptor site defect where insulin can't dock to cells and glucose can't get in | Type 2 diabetes |
temporary diabetes during pregnancy | gestational diabetes |
Functions of bone | support/structure, mineral homeostatis |
Bone building cells (formation) | osteoblasts |
Bone breaking cells (resorption) | osteoclasts |
Mature bone cells | osteocytes |
Things in the bone matrix | collagen fibers, non-collagenous, minerals, proteins, amino acids, hydroxyapatite crystals, others |
Remodeling of bone is regulated by what | hormones (calcitropic hormones) |
Best indicator of future bone health | bone mass in 30's |
Key minerals in bone | Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium |
Forms of calcium | ionized (45%), bound to albumin (45%), complexed to anions (10%) |
What percent of calcium is in the bones | 99% |
What percent of phosphorus is in the bones | 80-85% |
What other place can you find phosphorus stored in and to what percent? | muscle 9% |
What percent of magnesium is stored in the bones? | 50-55% |
Where else is magnesium stored besides the bones? | Intracellulary, muscle, blood |
What regulate PTH release | magnesium and calcium |
What does calcitriol do? | increases osteoclast activity |
What is the inactive form of digestive enzymes called | zymogens |
What enzyme activates trypsin by removing the AA chain | enterokinase |
what are the upper GI tract hormones that help release pancreatic fluid | CCK, secretin and gastrin |