Asexual & Sexual Reproduction, Male & Female Reproductive Systems
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| DNA | Found in the nucleus of every body cell
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| DNA stands for | Deoxyribnucleic Acid
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| Genes | Short segments of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait
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| Chromosome | DNA that is organized and packaged
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| Sister Chromatid | Two identical chromosomes that are fully condensed and attached by a centromere
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| Karyotype | Is the number of chromosomes seen in the cell of an organisms of a species
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| Autosomes | All chromosomes but sex chromosomes
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| Allosomes | Sex chromosomes
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| Number of Human Chromosomes | 46
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| Mitosis | Cellular division that results in two identical daughter cells
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| Interphase | The resting phase of a cell where the DNA is unraveled
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| Prophase | Chromosomes condense and the envelope disappears
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| Metaphase | The chromosomes lines up alone the middle
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| Anaphase | Chromosomes move to the opposite poles
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| Telophase | Nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes
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| Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm splits two new identical cells
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| Cytokinesis in Animal Cells | Cleavage furrow
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| Cytokinesis in Plant Cells | Cell Plate
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| Binary Fission | A single cell undergoes mitosis that results in two identical cells
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| Ex Organisms of Binary Fission | Amoeba & Bacteria
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| Budding | When mitosis results in unequal size cells created
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| Ex Organisms of Budding | Yeast & Hydras
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| Sporulation | Using spores to spread their daughter cells
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| Spores | Special reproductive cells
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| Ex of Sporulation Organisms | Plants & Fungi, bread mold
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| Regeneration | The ability for some organisms to grow from pieces of another one
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| Ex of Regeneration Organisms | Starfish, Hydras, & Planarian
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| Vegetative Propagation | Cutting a part of a plant and allowing it to grow into a new plant that is genetically identical
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| Ex of Vegetative Propagation Organisms | Plants
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| Female gametes | Eggs
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| Male gametes | Sperm
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| Gametes | Sex cells
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| Sexual Reproduction | Creation of a new organism by combining the genetic information of two parents
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| Body Cells | Somatic Cells
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| Sex cells | 23 chromosomes, only half the amount of DNA
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| Homologous Pairs | Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci but it could possibly code for different alleles
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| Diploid | 2n, 46 chromosomes
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| Haploid | n, 23 chromosomes
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| Meiosis | Is a process where the cell divides twice to form four new cells that have half the amount of genetic material than the original cell
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| Gametogenesis | Gametes produced by meiosis that occur in the gonads
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| Oogenesis | Production of eggs in the ovaries, 1 egg & 3 polar bodies
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| Spermatogenesis | Production of sperm in the testes, 4 sperms
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| Ovaries | Production of eggs & hormones estrogen & progesterone
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| Fallopian Tubes / Oviduct | Connects the ovaries and the uterus, fertilization occurs here
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| Uterus | The uterine wall fills up with blood & tissue in preparation for a fertilized egg
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| Cervix | Neck of the uterus, becomes dilated during pregnancy
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| Vagina | Connects external genitalia to the internal
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| Sperm | The male sex cell or gamete
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| Testes | Male gonad that produces sperm & testosterone
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| Scrotum | External pouch that surrounds the testes
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| Vas Deferens | Transports the sperm from the testes to the urethra
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| Prostate | An organ that surrounds the urethra that secretes a fluid that makes up part of the semen
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| Semen | Enhances motility and fertility of the sperm
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| Penis | Inserts the semen into the female reproductive system
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| Menstrual Cycle | A series of changes controlled by hormones that help prepare the female uterus for a possible pregnancy
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| FSH | Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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| LH | Luteinizing Hormone
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| Stage 1 | Follicle Stage
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| Stage 2 | Ovulation
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| Stage 3 | Corpus Luteum
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| Stage 4 | Menstruation
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| Fertilization | Fusion of a haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote
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| Where does fertilization occur | Fallopian tubes / oviducts
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| External Fertilization | Eggs fertilized outside the female body
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| Internal Fertilization | Fertilization occurs inside the female body
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| Cleavage | Converts a single - celled zygote into an embryo
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| Morula | A solid ball of cells resulting from the cellular division of a fertilized egg
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| Blastula | A hollow structure in early embryonic development; inner = embryo, outer = placenta
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| Gatrula | An embryo when it has a hollow cup-shaped structure that begins to differentiate
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| Gastrulation | Formation of embryonic germ layers
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| Ectoderm | Outermost layer, becomes the nervous and skin
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| Mesoderm | Middle layer, becomes connective tissue, muscle, bone, urogenital, & circulatory system
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| Endoderm | Innermost layer, becomes gastrointestinal tract, lungs and associated structures
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| Placenta | Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between mother and child
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| Umbilical Cord | Transports substances between fetus and placenta
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| Amniotic Fluid | Cushions and protects the fetus
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| Fraternal Twins | Develops when the woman produces two eggs and each is fertilized by two different sperm
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| Identical Twins | An egg fertilized by one sperm splits to form two zygotes
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| Conjoined Twins | Zygotes of identical twins fail to separate completely
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Created by:
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