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Reproduction
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction, Male & Female Reproductive Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | Found in the nucleus of every body cell |
| DNA stands for | Deoxyribnucleic Acid |
| Genes | Short segments of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait |
| Chromosome | DNA that is organized and packaged |
| Sister Chromatid | Two identical chromosomes that are fully condensed and attached by a centromere |
| Karyotype | Is the number of chromosomes seen in the cell of an organisms of a species |
| Autosomes | All chromosomes but sex chromosomes |
| Allosomes | Sex chromosomes |
| Number of Human Chromosomes | 46 |
| Mitosis | Cellular division that results in two identical daughter cells |
| Interphase | The resting phase of a cell where the DNA is unraveled |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense and the envelope disappears |
| Metaphase | The chromosomes lines up alone the middle |
| Anaphase | Chromosomes move to the opposite poles |
| Telophase | Nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes |
| Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm splits two new identical cells |
| Cytokinesis in Animal Cells | Cleavage furrow |
| Cytokinesis in Plant Cells | Cell Plate |
| Binary Fission | A single cell undergoes mitosis that results in two identical cells |
| Ex Organisms of Binary Fission | Amoeba & Bacteria |
| Budding | When mitosis results in unequal size cells created |
| Ex Organisms of Budding | Yeast & Hydras |
| Sporulation | Using spores to spread their daughter cells |
| Spores | Special reproductive cells |
| Ex of Sporulation Organisms | Plants & Fungi, bread mold |
| Regeneration | The ability for some organisms to grow from pieces of another one |
| Ex of Regeneration Organisms | Starfish, Hydras, & Planarian |
| Vegetative Propagation | Cutting a part of a plant and allowing it to grow into a new plant that is genetically identical |
| Ex of Vegetative Propagation Organisms | Plants |
| Female gametes | Eggs |
| Male gametes | Sperm |
| Gametes | Sex cells |
| Sexual Reproduction | Creation of a new organism by combining the genetic information of two parents |
| Body Cells | Somatic Cells |
| Sex cells | 23 chromosomes, only half the amount of DNA |
| Homologous Pairs | Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci but it could possibly code for different alleles |
| Diploid | 2n, 46 chromosomes |
| Haploid | n, 23 chromosomes |
| Meiosis | Is a process where the cell divides twice to form four new cells that have half the amount of genetic material than the original cell |
| Gametogenesis | Gametes produced by meiosis that occur in the gonads |
| Oogenesis | Production of eggs in the ovaries, 1 egg & 3 polar bodies |
| Spermatogenesis | Production of sperm in the testes, 4 sperms |
| Ovaries | Production of eggs & hormones estrogen & progesterone |
| Fallopian Tubes / Oviduct | Connects the ovaries and the uterus, fertilization occurs here |
| Uterus | The uterine wall fills up with blood & tissue in preparation for a fertilized egg |
| Cervix | Neck of the uterus, becomes dilated during pregnancy |
| Vagina | Connects external genitalia to the internal |
| Sperm | The male sex cell or gamete |
| Testes | Male gonad that produces sperm & testosterone |
| Scrotum | External pouch that surrounds the testes |
| Vas Deferens | Transports the sperm from the testes to the urethra |
| Prostate | An organ that surrounds the urethra that secretes a fluid that makes up part of the semen |
| Semen | Enhances motility and fertility of the sperm |
| Penis | Inserts the semen into the female reproductive system |
| Menstrual Cycle | A series of changes controlled by hormones that help prepare the female uterus for a possible pregnancy |
| FSH | Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
| LH | Luteinizing Hormone |
| Stage 1 | Follicle Stage |
| Stage 2 | Ovulation |
| Stage 3 | Corpus Luteum |
| Stage 4 | Menstruation |
| Fertilization | Fusion of a haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote |
| Where does fertilization occur | Fallopian tubes / oviducts |
| External Fertilization | Eggs fertilized outside the female body |
| Internal Fertilization | Fertilization occurs inside the female body |
| Cleavage | Converts a single - celled zygote into an embryo |
| Morula | A solid ball of cells resulting from the cellular division of a fertilized egg |
| Blastula | A hollow structure in early embryonic development; inner = embryo, outer = placenta |
| Gatrula | An embryo when it has a hollow cup-shaped structure that begins to differentiate |
| Gastrulation | Formation of embryonic germ layers |
| Ectoderm | Outermost layer, becomes the nervous and skin |
| Mesoderm | Middle layer, becomes connective tissue, muscle, bone, urogenital, & circulatory system |
| Endoderm | Innermost layer, becomes gastrointestinal tract, lungs and associated structures |
| Placenta | Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between mother and child |
| Umbilical Cord | Transports substances between fetus and placenta |
| Amniotic Fluid | Cushions and protects the fetus |
| Fraternal Twins | Develops when the woman produces two eggs and each is fertilized by two different sperm |
| Identical Twins | An egg fertilized by one sperm splits to form two zygotes |
| Conjoined Twins | Zygotes of identical twins fail to separate completely |
Created by:
CMacKay16
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