AP Nonfiction Terms and Vocabulary
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| absolute | a term applied to anything that cannot be modified, qualified, or limited (unique, never, always, perfect)
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| abstract language | language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people or places (love, honor, liberty)
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| acerbic | acid in temper, mood, or tone
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| adjective | words that describe nouns or pronouns telling which one, what kind, and how many
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| adverb | a word ususally serving as a midifier and expressing some relation of manner/quality/place/time/degree/number/cause/opposition/affirmation/denial and also serving to connect and express comment on clause content
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| alliteration | the purposeful repition of initial consonant sounds
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| allusion | a reference to something/one well known
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| analogy | explanation based upon a comparison that explains or describes one subject by pointing out its similarities to another subject
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| anaphora | repitition device, in which the same word/expression is repeated at the beginning of 2+ lines/clauses/sentences for effect
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| anecdote | a short, often autobiographical, narrative told to achieve a purpose such as to prvide an example/illustration/thematic truth
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| antecedent | the word preceding a pronoun to which it refers
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| antithesis | a direct contrast of structurally parallel word groupings, to contrast; in argumentation, a second argument/principle brought forward to oppose a first proposition or thesis
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| aphorism | staement of general principle, memorably espressed by condensing much wisdom into few words
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| apostrophe | figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an inanimate object, absent person, or personified quality
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| attitude | the author's feelings toward a subject that is revealed by the tone
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| avarice | greed
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| chiasmus | parallel structure in inverted form (not a-b-a-b but, a-b-b-a)
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| conceit | elaborate, complex metaphor or simile comparing two extremely dissimilar things
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| circular reasoning | form of fallacy, 'begging the question', may seem OK but merely assumes what it is trying to prove
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| concrete example | characterized by or belonging to immediate experience of actual things or events that are specific, particular, real, tangible
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| cumulative sentence | aka loose sentence, makes sense if ended before the actual end, begins with the main idea(s) and expands adding details/particulars
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| cynicism | having/showing atitude of contemptous distrust of human nature and motives reflecting belief that human conduct primarily motivated by self-interest
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| deductive reasoning | inference in which the conclusion follows grom general premises (general -> specific)
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| detached | exhibiting an aloof objectivity, ususally free from prejudice or self-interest
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| didactic | term used to describe writing/stories that teaches a lesson/moral or provides an example of correct behavior/thinking. tone intended to instruct or moralize
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| elevated language | being morally or intellectually on a high plane
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| ellipsis | the deliberate omission of word(s) implid by context and parallel structure
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| fanciful | marked by unrestrained imagination rather than by reason and experience
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| hyperbole | a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
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| imagery | descriptive or figurative language used to appeal to the senses
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| indict | to charge with a fault, offense, or crime
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| inductive reasoning | inference of a generalized conclusion from particular instances (specific -> general)
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| jocular | jesting, playful, jolly
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| loose sentence | aka cumulative sentence, makes sense if brought to a close before its actual ending
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| metaphor | a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else
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| metaphysical | of or relating to the transcendent or to a reality beyond what is perceptible to the senses
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| metonymy | figure of speech in which the name of one object is subsituted for that of another closely related object
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| mock epic | a narrative poem that parodies the epic form and is usually used for satire
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| objective | independent of individual bias or subjectivity
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| oxymoron | a two-word figure of speech that combines two opposing/contradicting ideas
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| parable | a short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
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| paradox | an assertion semmingly opposed to common sense, but may still have truth in it
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| paralleliam | the repitition of grammatical structure
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| periodic sentence | a sentence that places the main idea/ central thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements, creates suspense
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| personification | a type of figurative language in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics
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| pun | a play on words based on different meanings of words that sound alike
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| proselytize | to recruit or convert especially to a new faith, institution, or cause
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| prudence | good judgment; sagacity or shrewdness in management of affairs
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| qualifier | a word (like usually, almost, often) or word group that limits or modifies the meaning of another word(s)
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| simile | figure of sppech that uses like or as to make a comparison between basically unlike objects
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| subjective | modified or affected by personal views, experience, or background; biased
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| subjunctive mood | expressed by verb forms (plural) that represent a state not as fact but as contigent or possible such as with doubt or desire (I wish i were you, if I were you,...)
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| surreal | having the intense irrationality of a dream, unlike/beyond reality
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| syllepsis | a construction in which one word seems to be in the same grammatical relation to 2+ words but, in fact, one is not (He lost both his coat and his temper) one is literal the other figurative
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| syllogism | a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion (If A is true, and B is true, than C must be true)
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| synecdoche | a form of metaphor in which a part of something is used to stand for the whole thing
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| synesthesia | the concurrent response of 2+ of the senses to the stimulation of one (blue note, loud shirt)
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| tautology | unnecessary repitition of words (free gift, future plans)
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| verbal | a verb not acting as a verb but as a describer, an adjective, or a noun
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