AP Biology Chapter 22: The Origin of Species
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| Speciation | The process by which on species splits into two or more species
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| Macroevolution | The broad pattern of evolution above the species level
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| Species | A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable
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| Reproductive isolation | The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable
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| Hybrids | Offspring that result from an interspecific mating
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| Prezygotic barriers | Block fertilization from occuring
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| Postzygotic barriers | May contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed
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| Habitat isolation | Two species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely
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| Temporal isolation | Species that breed during different times of the day
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| Behavioral isolation | Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers
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| Mechanical isolation | Morphological differences prevent successful completion of mating
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| Gametic isolation | Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species
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| Reduced hybrid viability | The genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid's development or survival in its environment
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| Reduced hybrid fertility | Hybrids are vigorous but sterile
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| Hybrid breakdown | Some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile
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| Allopatric speciation | Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
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| Sympatric speciation | Speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area
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| Polyploidy | An organism with an extra set of chromosomes
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| Autopolyploid | An individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species
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| Allopolyploid | A sterile hybrid that has changed into a fertile polyploid
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| Hybrid zone | A region in which members of different species meet and mate
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| Punctuated equilibria | Periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change
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Created by:
Hajra Maqsoos
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