Biology chapter 9
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| cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events in eukaryotes that involves cell growth and nuclear division; consists of the stages Gp, S, G2, and M.
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| interphase | Stages of the cell cycle (Gp S, G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.
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| chromatid | Following replication, a chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids, held together at the centromere; each chromatid is comprised of a single DNA helix.
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| sister chromatid | One of two genetically identical chromosomal units that are the result of DNA replication and are attached to each other at the centromere.
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| mitosis | The stage of cellular reproduction in which nuclear division occurs; process in which a parent nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each having the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
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| cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.
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| mitotic spindle | A complex of microtubules and associated proteins that assist in separating the chromatids during cell division.
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| signal | Molecule that stimulates or inhibits an event in the cell.
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| growth factor | A hormone or chemical, secreted by one cell, that may stimulate or inhibit growth of another cell or cells.
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| apoptosis | Programmed cell death; involves a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell.
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| somatic cell | Body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become sperm or eggs.
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| cyclin | Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that promote the events of the cycle.
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| euchromatin | Chromatin with a lower level of compaction and therefore accessible for transcription.
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| heterochromatin | Highly compacted chromatin that is not accessible for transcription.
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| diploid (2n) | Cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present.
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| haploid (n) | Cell condition in which only one of each type of chromosome is present.
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| centromere | Constriction where sister chromatids of a chromosome are held together.
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| kinetochore | An assembly of proteins that attaches to the centromere of a chromosome during mitosis.
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| centrosome | Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
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| centriole | Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division.
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| prophase | First phase of mitosis; characterized by the condensation of the chromatin; chromosomes are visible, but scattered in the nucleus.
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| prometaphase | Second phase of mitosis; chromosomes are condensed but not fully aligned at the metaphase plate.
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| metaphase | Third phase of mitosis; chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate.
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| anaphase | Fourth phase of mitosis; chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle.
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| telophase | Final phase of mitosis; daughter cells are located at each pole.
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| cleavage furrow | Indentation in the plasma membrane of animal cells during cell division; formation marks the start of cytokinesis.
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| cell plate | Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls.
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| therapeutic cloning | Used to create mature cells of various cell types. Facilitates study of specialization of cells and provides cells and tissue to treat human illnesses.
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| reproductive cloning | Used to create an organism that is genetically identical to the original individual.
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| cancer | Malignant tumor whose nondifferentiated cells exhibit loss of contact inhibition, uncontrolled growth, and the ability to invade tissue and metastasize.
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| benign | Mass of cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division but has remained at the site of origin.
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| malignant | The power to threaten life; cancerous.
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| tumor | Cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division; benign tumors remain at the site of origin, while malignant tumors metastasize.
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| metastasis | Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body; caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.
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| angiogenesis | Formation of new blood vessels; rapid angiogenesis is a characteristic of cancer cells.
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| proto-oncogene | Gene that promotes the cell cycle and prevents apoptosis; may become an oncogene through mutation.
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| tumor suppressor gene | Gene that codes for a protein that ordinarily suppresses the cell cycle; inactivity due to a mutation can lead to a tumor.
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| oncogene | Cancer-causing gene formed by a mutation in a proto-oncogene; codes for proteins that stimulate the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis.
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| telomere | Tip of the end of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division and may thereby regulate the number of times a cell can divide.
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| asexual reproduction | Reproduction that requires only one parent and does not involve gametes.
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| nucleoid | Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bound by a nuclear envelope.
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| binary fission | Splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; serves as an asexual form of reproduction in bacteria.
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