9th ENV Chapter 7.1 OUTLINE
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| SALINITY FRESH WATER MARINE | The types of organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are mainly determined by the waters _______. As a result, aquatic ecosystems are divided into ________ and _______ ecosystems.
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| FRESHWATER | _________ ecosystems include ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands.
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| WETLANDS | _______ are areas of land that are periodically under water or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture.
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| NUTRIENTS | Factors such as temperature, sunlight, oxygen, and __________ determine which organisms live in which area of the water.
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| GROUPED | Aquatic ecosystems contains several types of organisms that are _________ by there location and by there adaptation.
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| AQUATIC | Three groups _______ organisms include plankton, nekton, and benthos.
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| PLANKTON | _________ are the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the water, and can be microscopic animals called zooplankton or microscopic plants or algae called phytoplankton.
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| NEKTON | ______ are all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents.
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| BENTHOS | ___________ are bottom-dwelling organisms of the sea or ocean attached to hard surfaces.
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| DECOMPOSERS | ___________ are also aquatic organisms.
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| NATURALLY | Lakes, ponds, and wetlands can form ___________ where groundwater reaches the Earths surface.
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| ARTIFICIAL | Humans intentionally create ____________ lakes by damming flowing rivers and streams to use them for power, irrigation, water storage, and receration.
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| ZONES | Lakes and ponds can be structured into horizontal and vertical ____. The types of organisms present depend on the amount of sunlight available.
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| LITTORAL ZONE | The ___________ _____ is a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nutrients plants. Aquatic life is diverse and abundant.
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| MUD | Some plants hare rooted in the ___ underwater with their upper leaves and stems above water.Other plants have floating leaves.
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| ALGAE | In open water, plants, _______, and some bacteria capture solar energy to make their own food during photosynthesis.
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| DEEP | Some bodies of fresh water have areas so ____ that there is too little for photosynthesis.
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| BACTERIA | ______ live in the deep areas of freshwater. Fish adapted to cooler, darker water also live there.
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| BENTHIC ZONE | Eventually, dead and decaying organisms reach the benthis zone. The
_____________________ __________________ _is the region near the bottom of a pond, lake , or ocean which is inhabit ed by composers, insect larvae, and clams.
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| ADAPTATIONS | Animals that live in lakes and ponds nhave _______________ that help them obtain what they need to survive.
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| BEETLES | For example, water______________ beetles use the hairs under their bodies to trap surface air so that they can breathe during their dives for food,
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| BURROW | And, in regions where lakes partially freeze in the winter, amphibians _________ partway into the mud to hibernate.
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| EUTROPHICATION | _______________ is an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrites, in an aquatic ecosystem.
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| GROW | As the amount of plants and algae ___, the number of bacteria feeding on the decaying organisms also grow.
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| LARGE | A lake that has ______ amounts of plants growth due to nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake.
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| LONG | Lakes naturally become eutrophic over a ____ period of time.
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| WASTE | However, eutrophication can be accelerated by runoff, such as rain, that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal _____ from land into bodies of water.
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| FRESH WATER | __________ wetlands are areas of land that are covered with fresh water for part of the year.
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| MARSHES SWAMPS | The two main types of freshwater wetlands are ________ and _______. Marshes contain non-woody plants, while swamps are dominated by woody plants.
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| FLORIDA | Most freshwater wetlands are located in the southeastern United states, with the largest in the _________ Everglades.
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| FILTERS | Wetlands perform several important environmental functions. Wetlands act like ________ or sponges that absorb and remove pollutants from the water. They also control flooding by absorbing extra water when rivers overflow.
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| WILDFIRES | These areas provide a home for native and migratory ________________ in addition to feeding and spawning for many freshwater game fish.
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| LITTLE | Freshwater marshes tend to occur on low, flat lands and have __________ water movement.
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| SHALLOW | In _________ waters, plants root themselves in the rich bottom sediments while their leaves stick out above the surface of the water year-round.
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| SALINITY | There are several kinds of marshes, each which is characterized by its __________. Brackish marshes have slightly salty water, while salt marshes contain saltier water.
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| BENTHIC | The __________ zones of marshes are nutrient rich and contain plants, numerous types of decomposers, and scavengers.
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| MARSHES | __________ also attract migratory birds from temperature and tropical habitats.
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| SWAMPS | ___________ occur on flat, poorly drained land, often near streams and are dominated by woody shrubs or water loving trees.
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| MOISTURE | Freshwater swamps are the ideal habitat for amphibians because of the continuous ___________. Birds are also attracted to hollow trees near or over the water.
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| REPTILES | _________ are the predators of the swamp, eating almost any organism that crosses their path.
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| INSECTS | Wetlands were previously considered to be wastelands that provide breeding grounds for ______ carrying insects.
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| DRAINED | As a result, many have been _________, filled, and cleared for farms or residential and commercial development.
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