Cardiac drugs
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| Stroke Volume (SV) | Amount of blood ejected with each contraction.
Average stroke volume is about 70 mL per beat
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| Cardiac Output (CO) | Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute.
Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) times the heart rate (HR). Normal cardiac output is 4-8 L/min.
SV X HR = CO
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| SV X HR = CO | If cardiac output is poor, oxygen and nutrients do not reach cells as needed, impairing tissue perfusion.
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| Right ventricle | pumps blood into the low-pressure, low-resistance pulmonary vascular system; therefore the pressures generated by the right ventricle are fairly low.
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| Left ventricle | pumps blood into the higher-pressure systemic arterial system, generating much higher pressure and requires more work.
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| Arterial Circulation | Moves blood from the heart to the tissues, maintaining a constant flow to the capillary beds. Pressure differences and resistance determine blood flow through the vessels. Blood always moves from higher pressure to lower pressure.
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| Greater the difference between pressures... | the greater the blood flow.
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| Blood Pressure | Force exerted on arterial walls by the blood flowing within the vessels.
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| Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) | Impedes or opposes blood flow to the tissues. PVR is determined by:
Viscosity/thickness of the blood.
Blood vessel length & diameter
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| Mean Arterial Pressure | Maintains blood flow to the tissues throughout the cardiac cycle. It is a product of cardiac output times PVR.
CO X PVR = MAP
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| Blood | Transport medium within the cardiovascular system. Responsible for:
Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones to the cells and metabolic wastes from the cells for elimination
Regulating body temp, pH and fluid volume
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| Heart failure | Develops when the heart is unable to keep up with the body's need for oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
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| Signs of heart failure include | Pulmonary congestion; adventitious breath sounds
Shortness of breath
Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
Increased heart rate
S3 heart sound
Increased respiratory rate
Nocturia
Orthopnea
Distended neck veins
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Conditions that increase afterload:
Conditions that affect myocardial function:
" Myocardial infarction
" Cardiomyopathy
" Coronary artery disease
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| Conditions that increase preload: | Hypervolemia
Valvular disorders such as mitral regurgitation
Congenital defects such as patent ductus arteriosus
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| Conditions that increase after load: | Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
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| Conditions that affect myocardial function | Myocardial infarction
Cardiomyopathy
Coronary artery disease
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| Ischemia | Lack of blood supply-obstructed circulation.
Partial obstruction in coronary arteries causes MI
Full obstruction in coronary arteries causes a MI
Partial/Full obstruction in cerebral vessels cause a TIA
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| Promoting vascular circulation | Elevate leg to promote venous return to the heart
Avoid pillows under knees or more than 15 degrees of knee flexion to improve blood flow.
Encourage leg exercises for a client on bed rest and promote ambulation as soon as possible.
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| Promoting cardiac circulation | Position the client in high-fowlers position to decrease preload and reduce pulmonary congestion
Monitor intake and output. Fluid restriction may be required for those with severe heart failure
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| Heparin | Heparin (anticoagulant) used in patients after surgeries. Also in patients at risk for thromboembolus due to prolonged bed rest from acute illness.
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| Heparin administration | Given sub-q either once day or every 12 hours
Client should be lying down for administration
Do not massage site - bruises
Avoid aspirins or NSAIDS
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Created by:
KrisRN
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