biology test 1_ chapter 1
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| biology | The branch of science that is concerned with the study of life and living organisms.
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| atom | Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element.
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| molecule | Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also, the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound.
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| Cell | The smallest unit of life that displays all the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane
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| multicellular | Organism composed of many cells; usually has organized tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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| tissue | Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function.
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| organ | Combination of two or more different tissues performing a common function.
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| organ system | Group of related organs working together; examples are the digestive and endocrine systems.
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| organism | An individual; complex indivduals contain organ systems.
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| population | Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool.
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| community | Assemblage of species interacting with one another within the same environment.
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| ecosystem | Biological community together with the associated abiotic environment; characterized by a flow of energy and a cycling of inorganic nutrients.
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| biosphere | Zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth in which living organisms are found.
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| energy | Capacity to do work and bring about change; occurs in a variety of forms.
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| metabolism | The sum of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
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| photosynthesis | Process, usually occurring within chloroplasts, that uses solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.
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| homeostasis | Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms.
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| reproduce | To produce a new individual of the same kind.
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| development | Process of regulated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues.
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| gene | Unit of heredity existing as alleles on the chromosomes; in diploid organisms, typically two alleles are inherited—one from each parent.
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of nearly all organisms.
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| mutations | Any change made in the nucleotide sequence of DNA; source of new variation for a species.
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| adaptation | Species modification in structure, function, or behavior that makes a species more suitable to its environment.
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| evolution | Genetic change in a species over time, resulting in the development of genetic and phenotypic differences that are the basis of natural selection; descent of organisms from a common ancestor.
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| natural selection | Mechanism of evolutionary change caused by environmental selection of organisms most fit to reproduce; results in adaptation to the environment.
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| taxonomy | Branch of biology concerned with identifying, describing, and naming organisms
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| systematics | Study of the diversity of life for the purpose of understanding the evolutionary relationships between species.
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| species | Group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring; organisms that share a common gene pool; the taxon at the lowest level of classification.
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| genus | One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; contains those species that are most closely related through evolution.
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| family | One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon located above the genus level.
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| order | One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon located above the family level.
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| class | One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above the order level.
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| phylum | One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon located above the class level.
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| kingdom | One of the categories, or taxa, used by taxonomists to group species; the taxon above phylum.
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| domain Bacteria | One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics.
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| domain Archaea | One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics; its members are sometimes referred to as
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| domain Eukarya | One of the three domains of life, consisting of organisms with eukaryotic cells; includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
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| prokaryote | Organism that lacks the membrane-bound nucleus and the membranous organelles typical of eukaryotes.
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| eukaryotic cell (eukaryote) | Type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles; found in organisms within the domain Eukarya.
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| Protists | The group of eukaryotic organisms that are not a plant, fungus, or animal. Protists are generally a microscopic complex single cell; they evolved before other types of eukaryotes in the history of Earth.
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| plants | Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that increasingly became adapted to live on land.
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| fungus (pl., fungi) | Eukaryotic saprotrophic decomposer; the body is made up of filaments called hyphae that form a mass called a mycelium.
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| animals | Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryote that undergoes development to achieve its final form. In general, animals are mobile organisms, characterized by the presence of muscular and nervous tissue.
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| binomial nomenclature | Scientific name of an organism, the first part of which designates the genus and the second part of which designates the specific epithet.
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| scientific method | Process by which scientists formulate a hypothesis, gather data by observation and experimentation, and come to a conclusion.
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| observation | Initial step in the scientific method that often involves the recording of data from an experiment or natural event.
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| inductive reasoning | Using specific observations and the process of logic and reasoning to arrive at general scientific principles.
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| hypothesis | Supposition established by reasoning after consideration of available evidence; it can be tested by obtaining more data, often by experimentation.
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| experiment | A test of a hypothesis that examines the influence of a single variable. Often involves both control and test groups.
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| deductive reasoning | The use of general principles to predict specific outcomes. Often uses “if … then” statements.
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| prediction | Step of the scientific process that follows the formulation of a hypothesis and assists in creating the experimental design.
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| experimental design | Methodology by which an experiment will seek to support the hypothesis.
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| experimental variable | Factor of the experiment being tested.
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| responding variable | Result or change that occurs when an experimental variable is utilized in an experiment.
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| control | Sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment but does not contain the variable being tested; a standard against which the results of an experiment are checked.
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| model | Simulation of a process that aids conceptual understanding until the process can be studied firsthand; a hypothesis that describes how a particular process could be carried out.
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| data (sing., datum) | Facts or information collected through observation and/or experimentation.
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| principle | Theory that is generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists; also called a law.
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| law | Universal principle that describes the basic functions of the natural world.
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| technology | Application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose.
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| biodiversity | Total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the communities in which they live.
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| extinction | Total disappearance of a species or higher group.
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| climate change | Recent changes in the Earth’s climate; evidence suggests that this is primarily due to human influence, including the increased release of greenhouse gases.
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| global warming | Predicted increase in the Earth’s temperature due to human activities that promote the greenhouse effect.
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