Microbiology Dr. Cooper
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| two groups that are classified as prokaryotes | bacteria and archaea
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| Bacteria(ium) specific name to the Bacteria |
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| common features of prokaryotes | lack internal membrane systems (exceptions); plasma (cell membrane; cell wall; cytoplasm; layers outside the cell wall
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| most common shapes of prokaryotes | rods and cocci
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| cocci | spherical
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| diplococci | two spherical cells
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| streptococci | chain of cocci
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| staphylococci | cluster "grape-like" of cocci
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| tetrads | squares of four cells
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| sarcinae | packet of eight cells (cubical)
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| bacilli | rod shaped cells
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| streptobacillus | chain of rods
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| coccobacilli | very short rods
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| vibrio | curved, comma like rods
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| spirilla | rigid helices
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| spirochetes | flexible helices
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| network of long, multinucleate filaments | mycelium
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| organisms that are variable in shape | pleomorphic
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| point of contact with cells environment; requirement for living; high protein content; fulfills functions or organelles usually associated with eukaryotic cells | plasma membranes
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| what are the functions of the plasma membrane? | encompasses the cytoplasm; selectively permeable barrier; interacts with external environment
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| how does the plasma membrane interact with the environment? | receptors respond to chemicals; transport systems; and respiration, photosynthesis, lipid and cell-wall biosynthesis
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| peripheral membrane proteins | loosely connected to membrane and easily removed
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| integral plasma membrane | carry out important functions; amphipathic (embedded in membrane)
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| bacterial membranes lack sterols but contain a sterol-like molecules called what? | hopanoids
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| what are hopanoids | stabilize membrane and are found in petroleum
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| required in significant amounts and the lack of can limit growth | macroelements
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| examples of macroelements | C,O,H,N,S,P
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| required in minute amounts; usually do not limit growth | microelements
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| examples of microelements | Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu
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| what are the three types of growth factor | amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and vitamins
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| small organic compounds that make up all or part or enzyme cofactors | vitamins
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| molecules move freely from and area of high concentration to low due to random thermal energy | passive diffusion
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| the use of special transport proteins (permeases) to move larger molecules from high to low ; no energy required | facilitated transport
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| type of transport protein; CHANNEL | form pores through the membrane for molecules to pass
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| type of transport proteins; CARRIERS | active transport in which molecules transported across membrane
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| all permeases are bound with molecules | saturated process (facilitated diffusion)
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| energy dependent in which molecules are moved against conc. gradient; requires membrane bound carrier protein; input of ATP | active transport
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| driven by ATP hydrolysis; uniporter process(moves a single molecule); ABC transporters common; solute binding protein that binds the molecule then interacts with transporter protein | primary active transport
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| ion gradient driven; 3 types: uniport (single molecule), symport(same direction), and antiport (opposite direction) | secondary active transport
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| energy dependent system; molecules are chemically altered; prokaryotes and not eukaryotes | group translocations
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| iron binding molecule that help microbes (pro and eukaryotic) uptake iron. | siderophores
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| once iron is reduced to ferrous the siderophore is recycled | true
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| two types of siderophores | hydroxamates and phenolates-catecholates
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| rigid structure that lies outside the cell membrane | bacterial cell wall
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| functions of the bacterial cell wall | maintain shape; protect cell from osmotic lysis; protect from toxic materials; pathogenicity; site for action of antibiotics
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| stained purple and has a thick layer of peptidoglycan | Gram positive
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| stain pink or red and has a thin layer or peptidoglycan | Gram negative
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| what determines if the cell is Gram positive or negative | the cell wall
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| mesh like polymer of identical subunits forming long strands; helical; cross linked by peptides for strength | peptidoglycan
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| found in Gram positive; maintain cell envelope; bind to host cells; protects from environment | teichoic acid
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| between plasma membrane and cell wall and is smaller than that found in Gram neg bacteria; few proteins | periplasmic space
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| Gram negative bacterial cell wall | complex; thin layer of peptidoglycan; composed of lipids, lipoproteins, and no teichoic acids
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| part of the cell wall outter membrane; three parts: lipid A, O side chain, and core polysaccharide | lipopolysaccharide LPS
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| LPS functions | neg. charge on cell surface, stablabize outter membrane, permeable barrier, protection from host defenses, act as endo toxcin
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| Gram Stain mechanism on Gram positive cells | decolorization causes shrinkage of pores prevent the loss of crystal violet
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| Gram stain mechanism on Gram negative cells | decolorization causes partly dissolved membrane and and does not prevent the loss of crystal violet
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| solute concentration outside cell is less than inside cell; water moves into cell, swells, and cell wall protects from lysis | hypotonic environments
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| solute concentration outside cell is greater than inside; water leaves cell, plasmolysis occurs | hypertonic environments
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| layer consisting of a network of polysaccharides that may aid in attachment to solid surfaces | glycocalyx
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| resistant to phagocytosis, protect from digestion, well organized, | capsule
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| similar to capsules except diffuse, unorganized and easily removed, aid in motility | slime layer
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| made of proteins not peptidoglycan, a sheath, | S-layers
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| plasma membrane and everything within | protoplast
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| material bounded by the plasma membrane (cytoskeleton, intracytoplasmix membranes, inclusions, ribosomes, nucleoid and plasmids) | cytoplasm
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| FtsZ | found in many bacteria, forms rings during septum formation in cell division
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| found in many rods, helps maintain shape by positioning peptidoglycan synthesis machinery | Mre/MBI
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| helps maintain shape of particular bacteria | CreS
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| organic and inorganic material stored for future use in the cell | inclusions
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| What do inclusions store? | nutrients, metabolic end products, energy, building blocks, carbon, phosphate, amino acids
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| found in aquatic bacteria, magnetic field | magnetsosomes
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| ribososmes of bacterial cells | smaller than eukaryotic, consist of protein and RNA, sites for protein synthesis
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| chromosomes located here | nucleoid
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| nucleoid is not membrane bound | true
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| what coils the Chromosome | RNA and non-histone proteins
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| extrachromosomal DNA, typically small, closed circular DNA molecules | plasmids
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| short hair like appendages, used for attachment to surfaces, not involved in motility | fimbriae
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| not involved in motility, similar to fimbriae (synonyms) hollow tubes of protein subunit, required for bacteria mating | pili
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| long, slender rigid structures used for motility | flagella
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| located at the polar end | monotrichous
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| located at both polar ends | amphitrichous
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| multiple flagella at one end | lophotrichous
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| surround the whole surface | peritrichous
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| flagella 3 parts: | filament, basal body. hook
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| filament of a flagella | hollow tube of protein
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| basal body of a flagella | embedded in membrane
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| hook of flagella | links filament to basal body
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| flagella flow toward food stuffs and away from harmful things | chemotaxis
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| usually involves bacteria with peritichous flagella that also secrete molecules that help movement across a surface | swarming
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| multiple flagella form axial fibril, coorckscrew, flaxing and spinning movements, move through water | spirochete motility
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| resistant dormant structure formed by some gram positive bacteria, highly resistant to heat, UV light, Gamma radiation, Disinfectants, desiccation | bacterial endospores
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| still do not know hwy endospores are so resistant | true
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| how do endospores come to be | growth ceases due to lack of nutrients, 10 hours, seven stages,
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| activation, germination, outgrowth | 3 steps to go from endospore to vegatative cell
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