Exam 1
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| What is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species | Phylogeny
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| The discipline of ________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships | systematics
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| What is the ordered division and naming of organisms | Taxonomy
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| What are groups that share an immediate common ancestor | Sister taxa
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| What is a group of species that include an ancestral species and all its descendants | Clade
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| What is a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup, the various species being studied | outgroup
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| The tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearances of shared derived characters) is the most likely. What is this called? | maximum parsimony
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| Given "rules" about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events. What is this principle called? | maximum likelihood
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| What is the process in which a unicellular organism engulfs other cells | endosymbiosis
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| The process in which an unicellular organism who has already undergone endosymbiosis, does the same again down the line | secondary endosymbiosis
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| Fungi consists of ________, which are networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption | mycelia
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| Most fungi have cell walls made of ________ | chitin
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| Which fungi lack septa that allows cell-to-cell movement ? | Coenocytic fungi
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| Fungi use what for reproduction ? | pheromones
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| Which fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex | Ectomycorrhizal fungi
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| Which fungi extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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| ______________ and _____________ are unique to animals | Nervous and muscle tissue
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| What is the rapid cell division that a zygote undergoes | cleavage
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| Forming a grastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues is called: | gastrulation
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| What was the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of extant crittters caused by | Cambrian explosion
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| What is the germ layer that covers the embryo's surface | Ectoderm
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| What is the innermost germ layer that lines the developing digestive tube | Endoderm
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| What is the developing digestive tube called | archenteron
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| What type of animals have both ectoderm and endoderm tissue layers | diploblastic
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| What are cnidarians and comb jellies an example of | diploblastic animals
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| These have no body cavity surrounding the gut | Acoelomates
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| These have a body cavity that is not lined by peritoneum (thin membrane) | Pseudocoelomates
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| What is an example of a pseudocoelomate | nematodes
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| These have a body cavity lined by a peritoneum | Eucoelomates
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| These people use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships | Systematists
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| What is the taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy | Taxon
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| These are hypotheses about evolutionary relationships | phylogenetic trees
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| What is similarity due to shared ancestry | Homology
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| What is similarity due to convergent evolution | Analogy
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| This assumes constant changes | ML
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| This allows for rapid changes and slow periods | MP
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| DNA that codes for rRNA changes relatively _______ and is useful for investigating branching points hundreds of millions of years ago | slowly
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| This is the least variable gene in all cells | rRNA
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| _________ evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events | mtDNA
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| When did the HIV strain spread to humans | 1930s
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| This has crossed over from chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys to humans at least eleven times, giving rise to several HIV lineages | SIV
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| What two SIVs trace back to an SIV that infected red-capped mangabeys and in greater spot-nosed monkeys | SIV-AGM & SIVMM
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| This strain passed into humans around 1940 and the other in 1945 | HIV-2 (A and B)
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| The HIV virus originated where ? | Guinea-Bissau
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| Where did the zika virus originate from | Ziika Forest, Uganda
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| When did the zika virus have a narrow belt spread in Africa | 1950s-2007
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| when did the zika virus have a westward spread | 2007-2015
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| When did the outbreak in South America began that brought zika to the United States | 2015-2016
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| What three-domain systems have recently been adopted | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
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| This causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis in humans (PAM) | Naegleria fowleri (Excavata)
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| This recently dropped kingdom includes mostly unicellular eukaryotes | Protists
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| These are clades that include the ancestral species and some of its descendants | Paraphyletic
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| They exhibit more structural & functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes | Protists
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| What type of protist causes malaria | Plasmodium
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| A dinoflagellate that causes fish kills | Pfesteria shumwayae
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| This causes sudden oak death | Phytophthora ramorum
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| These are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems and are nature's decomposers and recyclers | Fungi
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| What three lifestyles do fungi have ? | Decomposers, parasites, and mutualists
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| These produce haploid spores by mitosis | Molds
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| These reproduce asexually with or without spores | Yeasts
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| These have flagellated spores | Chytrids
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| These have resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage | Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
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| These are formed with plants | Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
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| These have sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci and produce vast numbers of asexual spores | Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
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| What are sexual spores called (ascomycetes) | ascospores
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| What are asexual spores called (ascomycetes) | conidia
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| These have elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores) | Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
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| These resulted from a symbiotic relationship between fungus and an algae | Lichens
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| Provides carbon compounds | Algae
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| Provides nitrogen | Cyanobacteria
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| Provides growing environment | Fungi
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| What is the amphibian chytrid fungus called | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)
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| The most precipitous decline of North American wildlife is caused by this | white nose syndrome
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| What causes white nose syndrome | Pseudogymnoascus destructans
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| What are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers | Animals
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| Cleavage leads to the formation of a what ? | blastula
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| The common ancestor of living animals may have lived between how many million years ago | 675 and 875
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| Animals moved on land by: | 460 mya
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| Vertebrates moved on land by: | 360 mya
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| This allows for much greater body flexibility and movement, space for visceral organs, greater body size because of more surface area for gas exchange, and serve as a hydrostatic skeleton in some worms | coelom function
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| This is a clade of animals with true tissues | Eumetazoa
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| These are basal animals with no tissue | Sponges
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| Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria, and are called ________ | Bilaterians
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| There are 52,000 species of vertebrates and half of them are ______ | fish
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| Which clade does Chordates belong to? | Deuterostomes
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| What type of deuterostomes are urochordates and cephalochordates | invertebrate deuterostomes
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| Which clade of animals have a cranium | Craniata
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| What aquatic animal is grouped in the Craniata clade | Hagfish
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| What do hagfish lack ? | vertebrae
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| What is the bony or cartilage based brain case called | Cranium
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| Which clade consists of these four characteristics: notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and muscular, post-anal tail | Chordata
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| What does the notochord in chordata eventually become | vertebrae
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| What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord in chordata eventually become | spinal cord and brain
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| What happens to the muscular, post-anal tail in chordata | stays the same
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| What does the pharyngeal slits or clefts in chordata become | gills or lungs
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| What animal that inhabits sedimentary areas is grouped in the Cephalochordata clade | lancelets (not a vertebrate)
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| What subgroup do tunicates and sea squirts belong to | Urochordata
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| This is removed hindrances of exoskeleton in terms of growth and are structured for easy attachment of muscles | Endoskeleton
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| Segmented body muscles called ________ - changed from folded "V" to folded "W" for more maneuverability | myomeres
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| During the Cambrian period, a lineage of craniates (true head) evolved into _______ | vertebrates
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| What is another word for the development of the jaw | gnathostomes
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| Which clade includes the bony fish and tetrapods | Osteichthyes
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| When did birds develop feathers | 150 mya
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| When did mammals develop fur | 200 mya
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| Vertebrates have paired kidneys with ducts to do what | drain waste to exterior
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| Vertebrates have a presence of outer and inner epidermis which are modified to produce what ? | hair, scales, feathers, glands, horn, etc.
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| Birds, lampreys, and hagfish all lack what | paired gonads
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| Vertebrates replaced the notochord with what ? | vertebral column
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| the development of the jaw might have evolved from the skeletal supports of the what ? | pharyngeal slits
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| What animals lack jaws | jawless hagfish and lampreys
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| Sharks, rays, skates, and ratfish all lack what ? | hard skeleton
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| Bony fish, lungfish, and coelocanths all lack what ? | true limbs
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| Amphibians (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians) lack what ? | amniotic egg and fully functional lungs
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| Which animals (invertebrates or vertebrates) have bony cartilaginous endoskeletons | vertebrates
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| Muscular, perforated pharynx ; site of _____ in fishes | gills
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| The general body plan of _________ consists of the head, trunk, 2 pairs of appendages, and a post anal tail | vertebrates
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