Thorax and Lungs
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| cough | stimulation of afferent vagal endings that helps to clear the airway of extraneous material by producing a sudden, forceful, and noisy expulsion or air from the lungs
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| crepitus | subcutaneous emphysema; beads of ari escape from the lungs and create a crackling sound when palpated
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| anterior axillary line | line vertical line drawn from the origin of the front armpit fold along the anterolateral aspect of the thorax
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| bronchophony | voice sound test in which the pt says the words "ninety-nine" or "one, two, three" to determine if the lung is filled with air, fluid, or a solid
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| eupnea | normal breathing; respirations are 12-20 per minute for the resting adult
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| mediastinum | area between the lungs; also called interpleural space
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| angle of louis | (manubriosternal junction or sternal angle) junction of the manubrium and the sternum
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| midsternal line | vertical line drawn from the midpoint of the sternum
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| voice sounds | technique used to assess wheter the lungs are filled with air, fluid, or a solid
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| midspinal (or vertebral) line | vertical line drawn from midpoint of spinous processes
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| posterior axillary line | vertical line drawn from the rear armpit fold
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| tactile (or vocal) fremitus | palpable vibration of the chest wall that is produced by the spoken word
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| visceral pleura | lining of the external surface of the lungs
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| alveoli (of the lung) | smallest functional units of the resp system; where gas exchange occurs
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| bronchial (or tubular) breath sound | breath sound that is high in pitch and loud in intensity and that is heard best over the trachea; has a blowing/hollow quality; heard longer on expiration than inspiration
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| apnea | lack of respirations for 10 or more seconds
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| vertebrosternal (or true) ribs | rib pairs 1-7; articulate via the costal cartilage to the sternum
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| suprasternal notch | visible and palpable depression in the midsternal line that lies superior to the manubrium
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| bradypnea | resp rate under 12 bpm in a resting adult
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| costal angle | angle formed by the intersection of the costal margins at the sternum
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| vocal fremitus | see tactile fremitus
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| pectus carinatum | abnormal thoracic configuration in which ther is a marked protrusion of the sternum; known as pigeon chest
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| rhonchal fremitus | coarse palpable vibration produced by the passage of air through thick exudate in large bronchi or the trachea
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| pleura | serous sac that encases the lung
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| pleural friction fremitus | palpable grating that feels more pronounced on inspiration when there is an inflammatory process between the visceral and parietal pleuras
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| intercostal space | area between ribs
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| diaphragmatic excursion | technique used to assess the pt's depth of ventilation
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| scapular line | vertical line drawn from the inferior angle of the shoulder blade
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| sternal angle | see angle of louis
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| kussmaul's respirations | extreme increased rate and depth of respirations, as in diabetic ketoacidosis
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| xiphoid process | cartilaginous protrusion at the base of the sternum; does not articulate with the ribs
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| fine crackle | discontinuous adventitious breath sound that is caused by air passing through moisture in small airways that suddenly reinflate; resembles a high-pitched crackling sound
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| adventitious breath sounds | breath sound that is superimposed on normal breath sounds
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| agonal respirations | irregularly irregular respirations that signal impending death
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| air trapping | abnormal respiratory pattern with rapid, shallow respirations and forced expirations; the lungs hav insufficient time to fully exhale and air becomes trapped, leading to overexpansion of the lungs
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| apex (of the lung) | top of the lung
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| apneustic respirations | prolonged gasping on inspiration followed by a very short, inefficient pause that can last 30-60seconds
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| barrel chest | abnormal thoracic configuration in which the ratio of the anteroposterior diameter to the transverse diameter of the chest is approximately 1:1
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| base (of the lung) | bottom of the lung
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| Biot's Respirations |
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