Biology 30-1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Autonomic System | Invertebrates, the division of the peripheral nervous system that is under involuntary control
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| Somatic System | Invertebrates, division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
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| Sympathetic Nervous System | Division of the autonomic system that regulates involuntary processes in the body
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| Norepinephrine | Neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurons of the autonomic system to produce an excitatory effect on target muscles
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System | -Rest & Digest
-Dominates during times of relaxation
-Stimulates activity in digestive system, salivation and tears
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| Thalamus | Shuttles vision, auditory and touch sensory info to cerebrum & limbic system
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| Midbrain | -very reduced in humans
-relays auditory & visual information
-role in eye movement & control of skeletal muscle
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| Pons | Relay between left and right sides of cerebellum as well as relay to forebrain
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| Medulla Oblongata | Controls automatic functions
-breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing
-large extension of spinal cord
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| Cerebellum | coordination of voluntary movements, balance & equilibrium receives input about body position from specialized sensors called proprioceptors located in muscles and joints
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| Meninges | three laters of tough, elastic tissue with the skill & spinal column which directly enclose the brain & spinal cord
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| White Matter | Part of the nervous system that is made up of tracts of myelinated nerve fibers.
Forms the inner region of some areas of the brain & the outer area of the spinal cord
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| Gray Matter | Part of the nervous system that contains mostly cell bodies, dendrites & short unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Forms the outer areas of the brain & the H-shaped core of the spinal cord
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| Acetylcholine | the primary neurotransmitter of both the somatic nervous system & the parasympathetic nervous system.
-open Na+ channels in the postsynaptic neuron
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| Nodes of Ranvier | Gap in the myelin sheath insulating the axon of the myelinated nerve cell
The membrane of the axon is exposed & action potentials occure only at the nodes
Nerve impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next.
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| Myelin Sheath | Layer of fatty protein wrapped around axon
Myelin speeds movements of nerve impulses by insulating axons
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| Axon | Projection of cell body
Conducts impulses away from cell body to synaptic
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| Cell Body | Contains nucleus & cytoplasm
Carries on normal metabolic activities of nerve cells
Integrates signals from the dendrites & initiates nerve impulses down the axon
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| Dendrites | Projections of cell body
Receives signals & transmit towards cell body
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| Glial Cells | Non conducting "support" cells that are involved in support & metabolism of neurons
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| Neurons | Functional unites of nervous system
Specialized to conduct electrochemical impusles
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| Corpus Callosum | Halves communicate through a band of myelinated axons
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| Cerebrum | Controls higher-level thinking
Intellect, memory, personality, language, interpretation of sensory information & control of voluntary muscles movement
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| Hypothalamus | Released hormones
Directs Autonomic nervous system
Controls internal body environment
Controls "primitive" drives (thirst, hunger, sleep) & emotions
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| Cerebral Cortex | Responsible for language, memory, personality, conscious thought & other activities that are associated with thinking & feeling
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| Wernicke's Area | Stores the information involved in language comprehension
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| Broca's Area | Coordinates the muscles for speaking & translates thought into speech
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| Temporal Lobes | Auditory, Memory
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| Polarization | Lowering the membrane potential of the cell below its equilibrium value
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| Nervous System | System made up of cells & organs that let an animal detect changes & respond to them.
Made up of the brain & spinal cord, as well as the nerves that emerge from them & connect them to the rest of the body
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| Homeostasis | The tenancy of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Network of nerves that carry sensory messages to the central nervous system & send information from the CNS to the muscles & glands
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| Central Nervous System | Network of nerves that includes the brain & spinal cord; integrates & processes information sent by nerves
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| Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump | System involving a carrier protein in the plasma membrane that uses the energy of ATP to transport sodium ions out of & potassium ions into animal cells
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| Frontal Lobes | Control precise, voluntary motor skills including speech production
Reasoning, critical thinking, memory & personality
Inhibition of unsuitable behaviours
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| Nerves | Macroscopic structures
Made up of many neurons grouped into bundles
Message pathway of the nervous system
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Circulates between meninges and throughout the brain & spinal cord providing cushioning & shock absorption
Transports hormones, nutrients & white blood cells
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| Refractory Period | Na/K pump active
K channels open
Na channels shut
Restores ion concentrations necessary for resting potential
Neuron is not receptive to another stimulus until resting potential of -70mV is established -90mV to -70mV
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| Parietal Lobes | Touch, pain, pressure, temperature, help process body position information
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| Occipital Lobes | Primary visual processing
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| Repolarization | K channels open
Na channels shut
Na/K pump inactive
-40mV to -90mV
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| Depolarization | Neuron receives stimulus
K channels shut
Na channels are open
Na/K pump stops
Neuron becomes positively charged
Once the neuron reaches +40mV the sodium channel is shut
-70mV to +40mV
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| Resting Membrane Potential | Na/K Pump active
K channels open "leaky"
Na channels closed
More positive ions are moving out of the neuron than are coming in, creates negative resting potential
-70mV
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| Cholinesterase | Enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in a synapse
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| Neuromuscular Junction | The synapse connection a motor neuron to a muscular fiber. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine causes an action potential which triggers muscle fiber contraction
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| Synapse | Tiny junction between neurons or between a motor neuron & an effector (ex. muscle)
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| Neurotransmitter | Chemicals released by the presynaptic neuron that influence the activity of the postsynaptic neuron. The receptor on the postsynaptic neuron determines th NTs effect
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| Schwann Cells | A type of insulating glial cell that wraps around the axon of a neuron, creating a myelin sheath
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| Reflex Arcs | Involuntary movement initiated without brain control
Ex. pain-withdrawal reflex
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| Blood-Brain Barrier | Protective barrier formed by selectively permeable blood vessels that controls entrance of substances into the brain from the blood
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| Membrane Potentail | Measure of the charge inside of a cell relative to the outside
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| Action Potential | In an axon, the change in charge that occues when the gates of the K+ channels close & the gates of Na+ channels open after a wave of depolarization is triggered
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