Lesson 21 Grammar
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| Passive sentences | Complains about something that someone has done.
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| Passive sentences, book description | When you are inconvenienced by something somebody else has done, you can express your dissatistfaction using the passive sentence.
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| 友だちが車を使いました。Vs. 私は友だちに車を使われました。(English translation) | A friend of mine used my car. Vs I had my car used by a friend of mine (and I am mad/sad about it).
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| Passive sentences, book described form, 私は友だちに車を使われました。(Provide the form based on the example, and translate) | (victim) は (villain) に (evil act). I had my car used by a friend.
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| Passive sentences, book description, “victim” | affected by an event. Marked with particle は or が.
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| Passive sentences, book description, “villain” | Performs an action which causes the suffering. Marked with に.
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| Passive sentences, book description, “evil act” | described with the passive form of a verb.
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| Passive form, る-verbs | drop -る and add -られ-る
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| Passive form, う-verbs | drop う and add –あれ-る
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| 食べる(give the passive form) | 食べられる(give the normal form)
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| 行く(give the passive form) | 行かれる(give the normal form)
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| 待つ(give the passive form) | 待たれる(give the normal form)
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| 読む(give the passive form) | 読まれる(give the normal form)
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| およぐ(give the passive form) | およがれる(give the normal form)
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| 買う(give the passive form) | 買われる(give the normal form)
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| 話す(give the passive form) | 話される(give the normal form)
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| 死ぬ(give the passive form) | 死なれる(give the normal form)
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| とる(give the passive form) | とられる(give the normal form)
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| あそぶ(give the passive form) | あそばれる(give the normal form)
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| くる(give the passive form) | こられる(give the normal form)
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| する(give the passive form) | される(give the normal form)
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| Passive form, う-verb form ending only in う | -われ-る
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| Passive form, conjugation | regular る-verbs
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| Passive form, comparison to potential | る-verb and 来る form the same. う-verb and する different.
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| Passive forms, how they are used in sentences | ”In most passive sentences, the ‘victim’ has been unfavorably affected by the ‘villain’s’ act. They may be unfavorably affected in various ways, such as being angry, embarrassed, sad, and hurt.
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| 私はとなりの人にたばこをすわれました。(English translation) | I was annoying with the person sitting nexy to me for smoking.
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| たけしさんはメアリーさんによく笑われます。(English translation) | Takeshi is often laughed at by Mary.
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| 山下先生はだれかにパスワードをぬすまれたそうです。(English translation) | I hear that Professor Yamashita had his password stolen by someone.
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| Passive form, things it can’t be used for | adjectives or someone failing to do something.
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| Compare the inadvertent/unfavorable focus of a passive sentence with the intended/favorable focus of a てもらう sentence | 私は友だちににっきを読まれました。(I was annoyed with a friend of mine for reading my diary.) 私は友だちに手紙を読んでもらいました。(I had a friend of mine read the letter for me.)
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| Passive form, exception on book’s typical interpretation | Sometimes passive form is not unfavorable. According to the book, it depends on the specific verb.
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| Passive form, more info | can magnify emotion, make something positive more positive. In some very neutral factual contexts there is no emotion. (maybe that’s a proper description?) In many contexts that would otherwise be neutral but could have a bad interpretation, it’s bad.
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| 私はその人にデートにさそわれました。(English translation) | I was asked out by that person for a date.
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| 私は兄に友だちにしょうかいされました。(English translation) | I was introduced by my big brother to a friend of his.
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| 私は友だちにパーティーによばれました。(English translation) | I was invited by a friend to a party.
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| その人はみんなにそんけいされています。(English translation) | That person is looked up to by most everyone.
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| Passive form, weather | Japanese people tend to say that the rain falling (or snow falling, getting hot, etc.) happened to them, as if it’s the weather’s fault kind of. (Note from class)
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| Passive form, non-human subjects | ”direct passive” rather than “affective passive.” Does not have implication that the inanimate, nonsentient subjects are inconvenienced. Found more commonly in written rather than spoken language.
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| Passive form, non-human subjects, ここにこうえんが作られます。(English translation) | A park will be built here.
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| Passive form, non-human subjects, このえはピカソによってかかれました。(English translation) | The picture was drawn by Picasso.
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| Passive form, non-human subjects, 南アフリカでワールドカップガひらけました。(English translation) | The World Cup was held in South Africa.
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| Passive form, non-human subjects, human agents | followed by によって instead of に.
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| ～てある | characterizes a situation that has been brought about on purpose by somebody who remains unnamed in the sentence.
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| さむいので、ヒーターがつけてあります。(translate to English) | The heater is on, becase it is cold. (= The heater was turned on and has been kept that way.)
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| テーブルの上に本がおいてあります。(translate to English) | A book is on the table. (= The book was put on the table and it has remained there ever since.
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| ～てあります | can be said if someone, possibly yourself, performed an action on purpose earlier, which can be described in terms of ～ておきました, and if the result of that action can still be observed at this moment.
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| ～てあります, tense | ～てあります describes a current state, hence the present tense.
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| レストランのよやくがしてあります。(translate to English) | A restaurant reservation has been made.
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| レストランのよやくがしてあります。(statement it is a result of) | レストランのよやくがしておきました。
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| レストランのよやくがしておきました。(translate to English) | (I) made a reservation in advance.
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| パンが買ってあります。(translate to English) | Bread has been bought (and is ready.)
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| パンが買ってあります。(statement it is a result of) | パンを買っておきました。
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| パンを買っておきました。(translate to English) | (I) bought bred (for future use).
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| ～てある, noun particle and type of verb | normally が or は instead of を. Almost always goes with a transitive verb.
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| てある vs ている | Can be compared with ている current states. ている goes with intransitive verbs, while てある goes with transitive.
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| まどが閉めてあります。(translate and name the purpose of the example) | The window has been kept closed. (しめる = transitive)
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| まどがしまっています。(translate and name the purpose of the example) | The windows is closed. (しまる = intransitive)
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| てある vs ている, example description | てある sentences are the result of a human intervention; someone closed it and kept it that way. ている sentences don’t have this implication. Resultant state may or may not be the result of someone doing it.
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| ～間に | ”while”
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| A間にB | B takes place, while A.
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| ～間に, most often way event A is described | with continuous ている.
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| おふるに入っている間に電話がありあり増した。(translate to English) | There was a phone call while I was taking a bath.
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| きのうの夜、ねている間にじしんがありました。(translate to English) | There was an earthquake while I was asleep last night.
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| 両親が日本にいる間に京とに連れいきたいです。(translate to English) | I want to take my parents to Kyoto while they are in Japan.
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| ～間に, verb tense | present, even when A describes a situation in the past.
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| A（ている）間にB | B takes place, while A.
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| ～間に, another way to use | can also take a noun for A.
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| るすの間に友だちが来ました。(translate to English) | A friend came while I was out.
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| ～間に, usage limitations | event B must be of short duration and properly contained within the bounds of activity A.
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| ～間に, additional use | If B extends throughout the time when A occurs, use 間 instead of 間に.
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| ルームメートがメールを書いている間、私は本を読んでまちました。(translate to English) | I waited, reading a book, while my roommate was writing an e-mail.
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| Adjective + する | like なる but instead of to become it is to make.
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| Adjective + する, なる examples | さむくなる, 上手になる
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| つめたい (make into a する construction) | つめたくする (make into a plain adjective)
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| かんたんな(make into a する construction) | かんたんにする(make into a plain adjective)
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| この間の試験はむずかしすぎたので、次の試験はやさしくしてください。(translate to English) | Please make the next exam easier, because the last one was too difficult.
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| みんなで世界をよくしましょう。(translate to English) | Let’s jin our forces and make the world a better place.
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| Adverb conjugation ofいい | irregular, よく
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| 部屋をきれいにしました。(translate to English) | I made the room clean.
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| かみをボブ・マーリーみたいにしたいです。(translate to English) | I want to make my hair like Bob Marley’s
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| しずかにする make it quiet. (becomes in order to say “Please be quiet!”) | Keep quietしずかにしてください。
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| ～てほしい | describes when you want someone to do something.
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| ～てほしい, particles | に for the person you want to do something.
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| 私は病気の友だちに元気になってほしいです。(translate to English) | I want my sick friend to get well.
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| 私はルームメートに宿題を手つだってほしかったです。(translate to English) | I wanted my roommate to help with my homework.
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| （私は）personに verb te-form ほしい | I want (person) to do . . .
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| ～てほしい, negatives | when you want to say you don’t want them to do something, you can negate ほしい and say ～てほしくないです or negate the verb and say ～ないでほしいです。
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| 私は音お産に昔の話をしてほしくないです。(translate to English) | I don’t want my father to talk about the good old times.
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| 私はホスとファミリーに英語で話さないでほしいです。(translate to English) | I don’t want my host family to speak in English.
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| Three words for “want” | 1. たい, verb stem + たい(I want to do); 2. ほし, noun が ほしい (I want something.); 3. てほしい, verb te-form ほしい (I want somebody to do . . .)
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| 私はベトナムに行きたいです。(translate to English) | I want to go to Vietnam.
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| 私はいいじしょがほしいです。(translate to English) | I want a good dictionary.
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| 私は弟に電話をしてほしいです。(translate to English) | I want my little brother to call me.
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| Three words for “want,” note on usage | private predicates. Must add things like と言っています and がっている (instead of い) to talk about what other people want.
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