Semester 1 Final Study Guide
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| List characteristics of all living things | Contain DNA, Grows and Develops, responds to their environment, made up of cells, can reproduce, evolves, maintains stable internal environment, obtains and uses material/energy
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| Describe the process of science in terms of trying to answer a question | observations to generate questions, inferences to make hypothesis, design controlled experiments (independent and dependent variables), collect data, interpret data, conclusions/findings
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| What are the goals of science? | to provide explanations for events in the natural world.
To use those explanations to understand patters and to make predictions about natural events.
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| Science | an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
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| Controlled experiment | experiment in which only one variable is changed
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| Chemical Reaction | process that changes, or transforms on set of chemical into another set of chemicals
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| Buffer | a solution that resists a change in pH even when acids or bases are added to the solution
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| species | organisms that can reproduce in nature and have fertile offspring
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| population | the number of organisms of a certain species, in a certain place at a certain time,
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| niche | the roll of an organism in the community where it lives. "No 2 organisms can occupy the same niche"
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| invasive species | an exotic species, one that did not evolve in a certain area, will often compete native species for resource.
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| ecology | the study of interactions among organisms and their environment
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| peer review | process of having scientific papers reviewed by anonymous, independent experts
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| pH scale | scale with values from 0-14;measures of H+ in a solution.
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| <7 pH | acids, produce more H+ solution than OH- ions
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| 7pH | Neutral, produces equal H+ and OH- ions
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| >7 pH | Bases, produce more OH- ions in a solution than H+ ions
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| Catalyst | a substance that can speed up the rate of a reaction (not necessarily biological)
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| Hypothesis | a testable prediction to a question
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| Theory | well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypothesis
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| ovservaton | information gathered by using ones senses
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| inferences | using background knowledge of a situation, making a logical interpretation of what did happen or may happen
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| independent variable | factor in an experiment that is intentionally changed;
what is being tested
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| dependent variable | factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the independent variable
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| Control variable | factors that are not changed in an experiment
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| reactants | elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction
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| products | elements or compounds formed in a chemical reaction
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| Solute | substance that is dissolved in a solution
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| Solvent | the dissolving substance in a solution
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| Covalent bond | chemical bond in which elections are shared
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| ionic bond | chemical bond in which electrons are transferred, forming ions
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| Carbohydrates | macro-molecule made of C,H, and O; major source of energy
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| lipids | macro-molecule made of mostly C and H; oils, wax, steroids, and fats; a secondary energy source
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| proteins | macro-molecule made up of C ,H, O and N; used for growth and repair and chemical reactions in the body, monomer; amino acids
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| nucleic acids | macro-molecules made up of H,O, N, C, and P; makes up genetic information
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| autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sun/light or chemicals to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; undergoes photosynthesis
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| heterothroph | organism that must consume/ingest other living things for energy
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| consumer | a heterothroph
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| producer | an autotroph
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| limiting factor | factors that control population size, space, food, competition, mate
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| density independent | cold winters, natural disasters
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| density dependent | competition, disease
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| Carrying capacity | how big a population can get; determined by limiting factors
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| Prokaryote | smaller, most are bacteria, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, has genetic material, cell wall and cytoplasm
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| eukaryote | larger, "true nucleus", membrane-bound organelles, has genetic material, cytoplasm and cell wall
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| viruses | nonliving; need a host cell; DNA or RNA and protein coat
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| animal cell | eukaryote; has centrioles and several small vacuoles
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| plant cell | eukaryote; has large, central vacuole; has cell walls; has chloroplasts
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| What is an enzyme? | protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction
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| What are trophic levels? | Steps in a food chain or food web
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| How is energy passed from one trophic level to the next level? | Energy made or consumed by one trophic level is passed to the next level through consumption,
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| How does energy move in an ecosystem? | It only moves in one direction; its lost to the environment as heat
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| How does nutrients throughout the ecosystem move? | It is recycled withing the ecosystem
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| Parasitism | 1 organism benefits and 1 is harmed
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| Commensalism | 1 organism benefits and 1 is unaffected
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| Mutualism | both organisms benefit
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| 3 Parts of Cell Theory | All living things are made up of cells.
Cells come from cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
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| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2+6H2O----light----->C6 H12 O6+6O2
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| Where does a plant obtain CO2? | from the atmosphere (through stoma)
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| Where does a plant obtain H2O? | from the ground (through roots and xylem)
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| What is the equation for Cellular Respiration? | 6O2+C6 H12 O6------>6CO2+6H2O
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| Where does an organism obtain O2? | From the atmosphere
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| Where does an organism obtrain C6 H12 O6? | From food
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| What are the steps of cellular Respiration? | Glycolysis --->Krebs Cycle--->Electron transport chain
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| Passive transport | no energy needed;molecules move from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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| Diffusion | General movement of substances from HIGH to LOW concentration
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water
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| Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion of larger molecules; requires carrier proteins
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| Active Transport | energy is required;molecules move from a LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration; against the concentration gradiant; endocytosis and exocytosis
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| Endocytosis | particales are engulfed (move into the cell)
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| Exocytosis | particles are ejected (move out of the cell)
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