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Biology Semester
Semester 1 Final Study Guide
| List characteristics of all living things | Contain DNA, Grows and Develops, responds to their environment, made up of cells, can reproduce, evolves, maintains stable internal environment, obtains and uses material/energy |
| Describe the process of science in terms of trying to answer a question | observations to generate questions, inferences to make hypothesis, design controlled experiments (independent and dependent variables), collect data, interpret data, conclusions/findings |
| What are the goals of science? | to provide explanations for events in the natural world. To use those explanations to understand patters and to make predictions about natural events. |
| Science | an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world |
| Controlled experiment | experiment in which only one variable is changed |
| Chemical Reaction | process that changes, or transforms on set of chemical into another set of chemicals |
| Buffer | a solution that resists a change in pH even when acids or bases are added to the solution |
| species | organisms that can reproduce in nature and have fertile offspring |
| population | the number of organisms of a certain species, in a certain place at a certain time, |
| niche | the roll of an organism in the community where it lives. "No 2 organisms can occupy the same niche" |
| invasive species | an exotic species, one that did not evolve in a certain area, will often compete native species for resource. |
| ecology | the study of interactions among organisms and their environment |
| peer review | process of having scientific papers reviewed by anonymous, independent experts |
| pH scale | scale with values from 0-14;measures of H+ in a solution. |
| <7 pH | acids, produce more H+ solution than OH- ions |
| 7pH | Neutral, produces equal H+ and OH- ions |
| >7 pH | Bases, produce more OH- ions in a solution than H+ ions |
| Catalyst | a substance that can speed up the rate of a reaction (not necessarily biological) |
| Hypothesis | a testable prediction to a question |
| Theory | well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypothesis |
| ovservaton | information gathered by using ones senses |
| inferences | using background knowledge of a situation, making a logical interpretation of what did happen or may happen |
| independent variable | factor in an experiment that is intentionally changed; what is being tested |
| dependent variable | factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the independent variable |
| Control variable | factors that are not changed in an experiment |
| reactants | elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction |
| products | elements or compounds formed in a chemical reaction |
| Solute | substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| Solvent | the dissolving substance in a solution |
| Covalent bond | chemical bond in which elections are shared |
| ionic bond | chemical bond in which electrons are transferred, forming ions |
| Carbohydrates | macro-molecule made of C,H, and O; major source of energy |
| lipids | macro-molecule made of mostly C and H; oils, wax, steroids, and fats; a secondary energy source |
| proteins | macro-molecule made up of C ,H, O and N; used for growth and repair and chemical reactions in the body, monomer; amino acids |
| nucleic acids | macro-molecules made up of H,O, N, C, and P; makes up genetic information |
| autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sun/light or chemicals to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; undergoes photosynthesis |
| heterothroph | organism that must consume/ingest other living things for energy |
| consumer | a heterothroph |
| producer | an autotroph |
| limiting factor | factors that control population size, space, food, competition, mate |
| density independent | cold winters, natural disasters |
| density dependent | competition, disease |
| Carrying capacity | how big a population can get; determined by limiting factors |
| Prokaryote | smaller, most are bacteria, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, has genetic material, cell wall and cytoplasm |
| eukaryote | larger, "true nucleus", membrane-bound organelles, has genetic material, cytoplasm and cell wall |
| viruses | nonliving; need a host cell; DNA or RNA and protein coat |
| animal cell | eukaryote; has centrioles and several small vacuoles |
| plant cell | eukaryote; has large, central vacuole; has cell walls; has chloroplasts |
| What is an enzyme? | protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction |
| What are trophic levels? | Steps in a food chain or food web |
| How is energy passed from one trophic level to the next level? | Energy made or consumed by one trophic level is passed to the next level through consumption, |
| How does energy move in an ecosystem? | It only moves in one direction; its lost to the environment as heat |
| How does nutrients throughout the ecosystem move? | It is recycled withing the ecosystem |
| Parasitism | 1 organism benefits and 1 is harmed |
| Commensalism | 1 organism benefits and 1 is unaffected |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit |
| 3 Parts of Cell Theory | All living things are made up of cells. Cells come from cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. |
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2+6H2O----light----->C6 H12 O6+6O2 |
| Where does a plant obtain CO2? | from the atmosphere (through stoma) |
| Where does a plant obtain H2O? | from the ground (through roots and xylem) |
| What is the equation for Cellular Respiration? | 6O2+C6 H12 O6------>6CO2+6H2O |
| Where does an organism obtain O2? | From the atmosphere |
| Where does an organism obtrain C6 H12 O6? | From food |
| What are the steps of cellular Respiration? | Glycolysis --->Krebs Cycle--->Electron transport chain |
| Passive transport | no energy needed;molecules move from a HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| Diffusion | General movement of substances from HIGH to LOW concentration |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water |
| Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion of larger molecules; requires carrier proteins |
| Active Transport | energy is required;molecules move from a LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration; against the concentration gradiant; endocytosis and exocytosis |
| Endocytosis | particales are engulfed (move into the cell) |
| Exocytosis | particles are ejected (move out of the cell) |
Created by:
nupara
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