Muscular system
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| ATPase | enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to ADP
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| acetylcholine (ACh) | neurotransmitter that binds at a motor end-plate to trigger depolarization of the sarcolemma
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| actin | protein that makes up most of the thin filaments in a sarcomere
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| atrophy | loss of structural proteins from muscle fibers
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| cardiac muscle | striated muscle found in the heart; cells are joined to one another at intercalated discs and under the regulation of pacemaker cells, which contract as one unit to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control.
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| concentric contraction | type of isotonic muscle contraction that shortens the muscle to move a load
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| contractility | ability to shorten (contract) forcibly
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| contraction phase | in a twitch, the contraction phase is when muscle tension increases
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| depolarize | to reduce the voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell’s plasma membrane, making the inside less negative than at rest
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| eccentric contraction | type of isotonic muscle contraction that lengthens the muscle as the tension is diminished
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| elasticity | ability to stretch and rebound
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| endomysium | loose, and well-hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle
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| epimysium | outer layer of connective tissue around a skeletal muscle
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| excitability | ability to undergo neural stimulation
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| excitation-contraction coupling | sequence of events from motor neuron signaling to a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber’s sarcomeres
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| extensibility | ability to lengthen (extend)
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| fascicle | bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle enclosed by the perimysium
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| graded muscle response | modification of contraction strength due to the variation of frequency of the nerve impulses
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| hypertonia | abnormally high muscle tone
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| hypertrophy | addition of structural proteins to muscle fibers
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| hypotonia | abnormally low muscle tone caused by the absence of low-level contractions
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| intercalated disc | part of the sarcolemma that connects cardiac tissue, and contains gap junctions and desmosomes
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| isometric contraction | muscle contraction that occurs with no change in muscle length
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| isotonic contraction | muscle contraction that involves changes in muscle length
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| latent period | the time when a twitch does not produce contraction. The time required for the depolarization to be propagated along the sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions to be released from the SR.
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| motor end-plate | sarcolemma of muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction, with receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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| motor unit | motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers it innervates
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| muscle tension | force generated by the contraction of the muscle; tension generated during isotonic contractions and isometric contractions
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| muscle tone | low levels of muscle contraction that occur when a muscle is not producing movement
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| myofibril | long, cylindrical organelle that runs parallel within the muscle fiber and contains the sarcomeres
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| myosin | protein that makes up most of the thick filament within a sarcomere
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| neuromuscular junction (NMJ) | synapse between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the section of the membrane of a muscle fiber with receptors for the acetylcholine
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| neurotransmitter | signaling chemical released by nerve terminals that bind to and activate receptors on target cells
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| perimysium | connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibers into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
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| power stroke | action of myosin pulling actin toward the center of a sarcomere (M line)
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| recruitment | increase in the number of motor units involved in contraction
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| relaxation phase | in a twitch it is the period after contraction when tension decreases
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| sarcolemma | plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
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| sarcomere | longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves Ca2+
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| sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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| satellite cell | stem cell that helps to repair muscle cells
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| skeletal muscle | striated, multinucleated muscle that requires signaling from the nervous system to trigger contraction; most skeletal muscles are referred to as voluntary muscles that move bones and produce movement
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| smooth muscle | non-striated, mono-nucleated muscle in the skin that is associated with hair follicles; assists in moving materials in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and internal passageways
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| synaptic cleft | space between a nerve (axon) terminal and a motor end-plate
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| T-tubule | projection of the sarcolemma into the interior of the cell
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| tetanus | a continuous fused contraction
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| thick filament | the thick myosin strands and their multiple heads projecting from the center of the sarcomere toward, but not all to way to, the Z-discs
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| thin filament | thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere
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| triad | the grouping of one T-tubule and two terminal cisternae
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| tropomyosin | regulatory protein that covers myosin-binding sites to prevent actin from binding to myosin
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| troponin | regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium
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| twitch | single contraction produced by one action potential
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| voltage-gated sodium channels | membrane proteins that open sodium channels in response to a sufficient voltage change, and initiate and transmit the action potential as Na+ enters through the channel
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| wave summation | addition of successive neural stimuli to produce greater contraction and a higher muscle tension.
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| abduct | move away from midline
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| abductor | moves the bone away from the midline
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| adductor | moves the bone toward the midline
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| agonist | (also, prime mover) muscle whose contraction is responsible for producing a particular motion
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| antagonist | muscle that opposes the action of an agonist
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| biceps brachii | two-headed muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow joints to flex the forearm
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| extensor | muscle that increases the angle at the joint
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| fixator | synergist that assists an agonist by preventing or reducing movement at another joint, thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist
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| flexion | movement that decreases the angle of a joint
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| flexor | muscle that decreases the angle at the joint
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| origin | end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to another structure (usually a bone) in a fixed position
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| insertion | end of a skeletal muscle that is attached to the structure (usually a bone) that is moved when the muscle contracts
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| synergist | muscle whose contraction helps a prime mover in an action
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| triceps brachii | three-headed muscle that extends the forearm
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