Skeletal system
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| articular cartilage | thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
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| articulation | where two bone surfaces meet
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| bone | hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
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| canaliculi | channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
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| cartilage | semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility is required and where smooth surfaces facilitate movement
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| central canal | longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
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| compact bone | dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
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| diaphysis | tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
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| endosteum | delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity
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| epiphyseal line | completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate (also, growth plate)
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| epiphysis | wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow
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| external callus | collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture
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| flat bone | thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
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| fracture hematoma | blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
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| fracture | broken bone
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| hematopoiesis | production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
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| hypercalcemia | condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
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| hypocalcemia | condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
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| internal callus | fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone
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| irregular bone | bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
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| lacunae | spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
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| long bone | cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
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| medullary cavity | hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
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| modeling | process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
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| osseous tissue | bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
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| osteoblast | cell responsible for forming new bone
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| osteoclast | cell responsible for resorbing bone
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| osteocyte | primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix
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| osteogenic cell | undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
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| osteon | (also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
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| osteoporosis | disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
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| perforating canal | channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
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| perichondrium | membrane that covers cartilage
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| periosteum | fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
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| proliferative zone | region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
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| red marrow | connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
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| remodeling | process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
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| reserve zone | region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis
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| sesamoid bone | small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
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| short bone | cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
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| skeletal system | organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection
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| spongy bone | (also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
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| trabeculae | spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
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| yellow marrow | connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
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| zone of calcified matrix | region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
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| zone of maturation and hypertrophy | region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
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| axial skeleton | central, vertical axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
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| appendicular skeleton | bones that are located within the limbs themselves, and the girdle bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
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| abduction | movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers
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| adduction | movement in the coronal plane that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together
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| cartilaginous joint | oint at which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
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| extension | movement that increases the angle of a joint (straightens the joint)
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| fibrous joint | joint where the articulating areas of the adjacent bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue
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| flexion | movement that decreases the angle of a joint (bends the joint)
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| joint cavity | space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones
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| ligament | strong band of dense connective tissue spanning between bones
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| synovial fluid | thick, lubricating fluid that fills the interior of a synovial joint
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| synovial joint | joint at which the articulating surfaces of the bones are located within a joint cavity formed by an articular capsule
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| tendon | dense connective tissue structure that anchors a muscle to bone
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| uniaxial joint | joint that allows for motion within only one plane (one axis)
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| biaxial joint | joint that allows for movements within two planes (two axes)
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| multiaxial joint | a joint that allows for movements within three planes (three axes)
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