Bio Genetics vocab
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| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
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| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
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| codominance | Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele
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| dihybrid | a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes
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| dominant allele | an allele that can take over a recessive allele
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| genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism. Often contrasted with phenotype.
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| heterozygous | an individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes, and so giving rise to varying offspring
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| homozygous | an individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic
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| monohybrid | a hybrid that is heterozygous with respect to a specified gene.
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| multiple allele | an allele of a genetic locus having more than two allelic forms within a population
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| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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| punnet square | a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
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| recessive allele | one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus
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| sex chromosome | a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds
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| sex-linked trait | are those found on either the X or Y chromosomes and include hemophilia and fragile X syndrome.
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| test cross | test-cross-a cross between an organism whose genotype for a certain trait is unknown and an organism
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| apoptosis | the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development
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| cell cycle | the life cycle of a dividing cell
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| centriole | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
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| centromere | the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.
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| chromatin | the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed
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| chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
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| crossing-over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
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| cytokinesis | the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
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| diploid (2n) chromosome number |
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| gamete | a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
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| haploid (n) chromosome number |
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| homologous chromosomes | are chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.
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| meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores
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| mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
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| nondisjunction | the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division
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| somatic cell | any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
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| synapsis | the fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.
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