Biology Fall Final
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on it to display the answer.
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| What compound forms hydrogen ions in solution? | Acid
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| What is cohesion? | Attraction between molecules of same substance
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| What is a base's function? | To form hydroxide ions in solutions
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| What does polar mean? | Unequal distribution of charge
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| What is adhesion? | Attraction between molecules of different substances
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| What is a solvent? | Substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution; ex: water
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| What are five characteristics of water? | Cohesion (molecules stick together), high specific heat (heat needed to raise temperature), polar molecule (partial positive and partial negative charge), universal solvent (dissolves most chemicals), and it takes a lot of energy to change energy level
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| What is a peptide bond? | Bond between amino acids in a protein
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| What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates? | 1:2:1
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| What combines with a substrate, speeds up reaction rates, and is NOT used up in a reaction? | Enzyme
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| What increases rate of chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical changes? | Catalyst
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| What are the three types of monosaccharides? | Glucose- main source of energy
Fructose- sugar in fruit
Galactose- sugar in milk
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| What are the three types of disaccharides? | Sucrose- common table sugar; glucose+fructose
Lactose- sugar in milk; glucose+galactose
Maltose- product of starch digestion; glucose+glucose
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| What are the four types of polysaccharides? | Starch- how plants store food
Cellulose- cell wall of plants
Glycogen- how animals store food
Chitin- cell wall of fungus
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| What combines with three fatty acids to make a triglyceride? | Glycerol
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| What is the purpose of a lysosome? | To hold enzymes created by cell
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| What are ribosomes? | Tiny bodies where proteins are synthesized for the cell
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| What is a eukaryotic cell? | A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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| What is a prokaryotic cell? | A cell lacking a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (still has DNA floating in cytoplasm)
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| What is a cell membrane? | A lipid bilayer with imbedded proteins that controls what enters and exits the cells
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| What is cellular respiration and its formula? | Converts carbs to ATP; C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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| What is photosynthesis and its formula? | Process of plants making their own food; 6CO2 + 6H2O + sun = C6H12O6 + 6O2
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| Where does photosynthesis take place? | Chloroplast
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| What did Robert Hooke do? | Created the cell theory, identified cells and named them
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| Can viruses grow and respond? | Yes, but they cannot do anything without a host
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| How are viruses and cells similar? | They both contain genetic material
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| What is the structure of a virus? | Nucleic acid core and protein coat
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| What genetic material are viruses made of? | RNA or DNA, but never both
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| What is exocystosis? | Removal of wastes out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane
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| What is endocytosis? | Process by which the cell takes material inside it by the folding in of the cell membrane
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| What is plasmolysis? | Shrinking of cell due to water leaving the cell
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| Movement of substances using energy | Active transport
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| What is osmosis? | Diffusion of water molecules from high to low across a semipermeable membrane
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| What is diffusion? | Movement of molecules from the region of high concentration to the region of low concentration
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| High concentration of a solute in a solution | Hypertonic
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| Low concentration of a solute in a solution | Hypotonic
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| What is cytolysis? | Bursting of cell due to water entering the cell
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| What is equal concentration of a solute between two solutions? | Isotonic
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| What are the three components of ATP? | Adenine, ribose, and phosphate
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| Where does the light reaction in photosynthesis occur? | Thylakoid
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| What are the two products made in the light reaction that are necessary to run the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH
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| What is released when the third phosphate of ATP is removed? | Energy
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| What cycle of cellular respiration produces high energy carriers that provide electrons for the ETC? | Krebs Cycle
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| Where does Krebs Cycle occur? | In the matrix of the mitochondria
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| Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? | Stroma
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| What is a pyruvate? | Three carbon end product of glycolysis
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| What is a pigment? | Molecule that absorbs certain wavelength of light and reflects others
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| What is anaerobic respiration? | Process that occurs in the muscle cells of animals when oxygen is absent
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| Why does the Krebs cycle occur twice per glucose molecule? | Glucose breaks into two pyruvates
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| What is the role of oxygen in ETC? | Final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
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| What are the sides of a DNA strand made of? | Phosphate and deoxyribose sugar
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| Who developed X-Ray Crystallography that used diffraction patterns to determine that DNA's structure was a helix? | Franklin and Wilkins
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| What are rungs of DNA strands made of? | Nitrogenous bases
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| What is a template? | A DNA strand used to make mRNA
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| What are the two enzymes in replication? | Helicase (unzips DNA) and polymerase (adds nucleotides of new strand)
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| Who developed an accurate model of DNA's three-dimensional structure? | Watson and Crick
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| What are the components of a nucleotide? | Deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
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| What bonds are between strands of DNA? | Hydrogen
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| In what phase do chromosomes line up along equator? | Metaphase in mitosis
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| In what phase do chromosomes form and nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear? | Prophase in mitosis
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| DNA replicates in the S phase in this stage of the cell cycle | Interphase
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| Stages of mitosis in order | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| In what phase does the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform? | Telophase
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| Where does translation take place? | Ribosome
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| What is an anticodon? | Triplet on RNA that is complementary to mRNA codon
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| What is the job of mRNA? | Take DNA message to ribosome
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| What is the job of tRNA? | Carry amino acid to ribosomes
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| What is a codon? | Triplet of mRNA
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| What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? | Thick mucus in lungs and trouble breathing
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| What are the symptoms of Huntington's disease? | Gradual deterioration of brain which causes uncontrollable movements and mental deterioration
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| What are the symptoms of Phenylketonuria? | Results in mental retardation but can be prevented with low protein diet
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| What mutation causes the reading frame to shift? | Frame-shift (point)
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| What is a diploid? | A cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
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| Crossing over in a species leads to- | Genetic variation
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| What is a tetrad? | Foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids
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| What happens in Prophase I? | Synapsis occurs between homologous chromosomes
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| What is crossing over? | Homologous pairs exchange genes
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| What does homologous mean? | Pair of chromosomes where each chromosome is similar in shape, size, and genes they carry
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| What is nondisjunction? | When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
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| What happens in Metaphase I? | Tetrads line up along equator
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| What is a synapsis? | The action of homologous chromosomes pairing up
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| What is a dihybrid? | Cross that follows two different genes as they pass from one generation to the next
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| What is independent assortment? | Principle that states that gene pairs segregate randomly and independently of one another into gametes
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| What is a monohybrid cross? | One trait or gene
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| What is translocation? | Exchange of genes between two chromosomes
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| What is inversion? | Genes on one chromosome are inverted
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| Are hemophilia and colorblindness sex linked or chromosomal disorders? | Sex linked
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| What is Klinefelter's syndrome? | XXY (male)
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| What is Turner's syndrome? | X (female)
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| What is a DNA fingerprint? | Formed by gel electrophoresis
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| What is gel electrophoresis? | Separates DNA into fragments to make a fingerprint
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| What is hybridization? | Selective breeding between different organisms
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| What does recombinant mean? | Combination of DNA from two different organisms
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| What is a microarray? | A tool used to look at how genes are expressed in different cells
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