ch. 17
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| defenses against any pathogen | innate immunity
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| induced resistance to a specific pathogen | adaptive immunity
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| eliminates harmful B cells | clonal deletion
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| T-cell immunity | cellular immunity
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| T cells mature in the | thymus
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| 2 types of T cells | helper T cells, cytotoxic t cell
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| antibodies (Ab) interact with epitopes, or _________ | antigenic determinants in antigens (Ag)
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| property of behaving as an antigen is _________ | antigenicity
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| antibody = globular protein called _______ | immunoglobulin
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| the number of antigen-binding sites determines _______ | valence
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| amount of Ab in serum | antibody titer
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| results when a person is challenged with an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory, takes time, and is lasting | active immunity
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| preformed antibodies are donated to an individual; does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term | passive immunity
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| acquired as part of normal life experiences | natural immunity
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| acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine | artificial immunity
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| antibody/ b- cell immunity | humoral immunity
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| b cells mature where | in bone marrow
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| b cell receptors (recognize) what | bacteria
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| t cells produce what | cytokines
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| type of t cell that binds to proteins on cell surface to initiate phagocytosis | t helper cells
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| type of t cell that produces toxins to kill infected cells | cytotoxic t cells
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| toxins used to kill infected cells | perforin and granzyme
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| roles of B cells? | -produce plasma cells to kill infection
-produce memory cells
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| how are b cells activated? | b cells bind to antigen
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| function of plasma cells | produce antibodies, then flag t cells to kill bacteria
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| good antigens are ______ & _______ | proteins; polysaccharides
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| tip of antigen is called what? | variable region
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| the correct b cell is selected because it has correct antibody for specific antigen | clonal selection
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| when b cells dont replicate because they dont have the correct antibody | clonal deletion
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| the right b cells keep producing plasma cells (to kill off infection) | clonal expansion
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| roles of T cells? | -produce cytokines
-lyse target cells
-recognize intracellular pathogens
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| what properties give better antigenicity? | higher foreignness, bigger size, shape, accessibility
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| are proteins or lipids more antigenic? why? | proteins; lots of structures (good antigens)
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| difference between antigens and epitopes? | epitopes: antigenic determinants
antigens: contain lots of epitopes
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| how is a hapten different from an antigen? | hapten molecules are very small
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| what is antibody valence? | # of antigen-binding sites
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| what do antibodies look like? | a "Y"
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| bivalence; makes up 80% of antibodies; most abundant; activates classical pathway | IgG antibody
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| protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigens: | -agglutination
-opsonization
-neutralization
-(antibody-dependent cell-mediated) cytotoxicity
-activation of complement
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| What is the difference of antibody titer between the primary and secondary immune responses? | -primary occurs after initial contact (have to produce antibodies)
-secondary (use memory cells): higher titer *more antibodies built up/faster*
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| During vaccination, why booster shots are needed? | -primary response doesn’t last as long as secondary response
-losing streak is slow
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| Which type of immunity, active or passive, lasts longer? Why? | Active immunity; stimulates production of antibodies (unlike passive)
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| primary organs | Thymus & bone marrow
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| secondary organs | Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes
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