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Microbiology
ch. 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| defenses against any pathogen | innate immunity |
| induced resistance to a specific pathogen | adaptive immunity |
| eliminates harmful B cells | clonal deletion |
| T-cell immunity | cellular immunity |
| T cells mature in the | thymus |
| 2 types of T cells | helper T cells, cytotoxic t cell |
| antibodies (Ab) interact with epitopes, or _________ | antigenic determinants in antigens (Ag) |
| property of behaving as an antigen is _________ | antigenicity |
| antibody = globular protein called _______ | immunoglobulin |
| the number of antigen-binding sites determines _______ | valence |
| amount of Ab in serum | antibody titer |
| results when a person is challenged with an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory, takes time, and is lasting | active immunity |
| preformed antibodies are donated to an individual; does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term | passive immunity |
| acquired as part of normal life experiences | natural immunity |
| acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine | artificial immunity |
| antibody/ b- cell immunity | humoral immunity |
| b cells mature where | in bone marrow |
| b cell receptors (recognize) what | bacteria |
| t cells produce what | cytokines |
| type of t cell that binds to proteins on cell surface to initiate phagocytosis | t helper cells |
| type of t cell that produces toxins to kill infected cells | cytotoxic t cells |
| toxins used to kill infected cells | perforin and granzyme |
| roles of B cells? | -produce plasma cells to kill infection -produce memory cells |
| how are b cells activated? | b cells bind to antigen |
| function of plasma cells | produce antibodies, then flag t cells to kill bacteria |
| good antigens are ______ & _______ | proteins; polysaccharides |
| tip of antigen is called what? | variable region |
| the correct b cell is selected because it has correct antibody for specific antigen | clonal selection |
| when b cells dont replicate because they dont have the correct antibody | clonal deletion |
| the right b cells keep producing plasma cells (to kill off infection) | clonal expansion |
| roles of T cells? | -produce cytokines -lyse target cells -recognize intracellular pathogens |
| what properties give better antigenicity? | higher foreignness, bigger size, shape, accessibility |
| are proteins or lipids more antigenic? why? | proteins; lots of structures (good antigens) |
| difference between antigens and epitopes? | epitopes: antigenic determinants antigens: contain lots of epitopes |
| how is a hapten different from an antigen? | hapten molecules are very small |
| what is antibody valence? | # of antigen-binding sites |
| what do antibodies look like? | a "Y" |
| bivalence; makes up 80% of antibodies; most abundant; activates classical pathway | IgG antibody |
| protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigens: | -agglutination -opsonization -neutralization -(antibody-dependent cell-mediated) cytotoxicity -activation of complement |
| What is the difference of antibody titer between the primary and secondary immune responses? | -primary occurs after initial contact (have to produce antibodies) -secondary (use memory cells): higher titer *more antibodies built up/faster* |
| During vaccination, why booster shots are needed? | -primary response doesn’t last as long as secondary response -losing streak is slow |
| Which type of immunity, active or passive, lasts longer? Why? | Active immunity; stimulates production of antibodies (unlike passive) |
| primary organs | Thymus & bone marrow |
| secondary organs | Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes |
Created by:
yulissalira
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