kms
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| Magnification vs. Resolution | Magnification enlarges a specimen in the field of view, whereas resolution is distinguishing two points as separate
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| Describe what a buffer does to keep the pH of solution stable | A buffer takes in excess H+ or OH- to maintain the pH of a substance
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| What is the H+ of a solution with a pH of 3? What is the OH of the substance? | H+ = 1*10^-3m
OH=1*10^11m
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| Which test would you use to determine if starch was present in the solution? | Logol's Iodine
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| If starch is present in a solution, what color will the solution form when you add lugol's iodine? | a dark blue/ almost black
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| What is a negative result of lugol's iodine (starch not being present) | copper/ yellow / orangey color
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| What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable ? | The independent variable is what is changed and tested in an experiment. The dependent variable is what's measured as a result of the independent variable
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| What test would you use to determine if amino acids are present in a mixture? | ninhdryin test
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| If filter paper turns purple when biuret's reagent is added, what is indicated? | amino acids are present
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| If a mixture turns purple when adding biuret's reagent, can you be sure that no proline is present ? | No because proline doesn't affect color change because it doesn't react with ninhydrin
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| Solution A: pH = 5.0 Solution B: [H+]=1*10^-6M T or F : Solution B contains more H+ than Solution A | false
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| Solution A: pH = 5.0 Solution B: [H+]=1*10^-6M T or F : Solution B contains 1*10^-8 OH ions | true
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| Solution A: pH = 5.0 Solution B: [H+]=1*10^-6M T or F: Solution A contains 1*10^-5 H+ | True
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| Solution A: pH = 5.0 Solution B: [H+]=1*10^-6M T or F: Solution B is more acidic than Solution A | false
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| Solution A: pH = 5.0 Solution B: [H+]=1*10^-6M T or F: Solution A and B differ in their H+ by a factor of 100 | true
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| The prescence of what should speed up the process of osmosis | aquaporins ( proteins that form water channels in the membrane)
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| What does benedicts reagent test for? | reducing sugars
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| What does a positive result of benedicts reagent look like? | yellow/ orange
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| what does a negative benedicts test look like? | blue
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| Which organelle is most abundant in the cells of the Elodea plant? What is the function? | Chloroplasts ; photosynthesis , se light energy to make glucose
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| Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that | The fresh water is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks
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| If an animal cell was placed in a hypertonic solution, what is the best prediction of what would happen? | The cell will shrivel and possibly die due to loss of water by osmosis
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| Present in prokaryotes: cell wall | yes
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| Present in prokaryotes: central vacuole | no
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| Present in prokaryotes: chloroplasts | no
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| Present in prokaryotes: cytoplasm | no
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| Present in prokaryotes: DNA | yes
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| Present in prokaryotes: nucleus | no
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| Present in prokaryotes: nucleoid | yes
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| Present in prokaryotes: mitochondria | yes
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| Present in prokaryotes: plasmid | yes
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| Present in prokaryotes: plasmodesmata | no
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| Present in prokaryotes: ribosomes | no
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| Present in prokaryotes: peptidoglycan | yes
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| Present in prokaryotes: pasma membrane | yes
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| Present in animal cells : cell wall | no
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| Present in animal cells : central vacuole | no
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| Present in animal cells : chloroplasts | no
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| Present in animal cells : cytoplasm | yes
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| Present in animal cells : DNA | yes
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| Present in animal cells : nucleus | yes
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| Present in animal cells : nucleoid | yes
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| Present in animal cells : mitochondria | yes
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| Present in animal cells : plasmid | no
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| Present in animal cells : plasmodesmata | no
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| Present in animal cells : ribosomes | yes
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| Present in animal cells : peptidoglycan | yes
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| Present in animal cells : plasma membrane | yes
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| Present in plant cells: cell wall | yes
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| Present in plant cells: central vacuole | yes
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| Present in plant cells: chlorplasts | yes
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| Present in plant cells: cytoplasm | yes
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| Present in plant cells: DNA | yes
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| Present in plant cells: nucleus | yes
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| Present in plant cells: nucleoid | no
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| Present in plant cells: mitochondria | yes
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| Present in plant cells: plasmid | no
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| Present in plant cells: plasmodesmata | yes
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| Present in plant cells: ribosomes | yes
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| Present in plant cells: peptidoglycan | yes
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| Present in plant cells: plasma membrane | yes
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| How are cyanobacteria different from other prokaryotes | They are larger and perform photosynthesis
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| Define hypertonic : | Solute concentration is higher than that inside the cell
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| Define hypotonic: | Solute concentration is lower than that of solutes inside the cell
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| Define isotonic: | Solute concentration is the same
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| Define osmosis | net movement of water molecules from a high concentration to low concentration across a membrane
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| The magnification of an ocular is usually | 10x
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| Objective lens : 4x,10x,40x,60x,100x. What are the total magnifications? | 40x,100x,400x,600x,1000x
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| What is the relationship between magnification and field of view? | The greater the magnification, the smaller the field of view. This is because higher magnifications show only tin portion of the specimen at a higher magnification
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| Which objective provides the largest field of view? a.high b.100x. c.4x d. depends on the size of the stage | 4x
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| What test dye determines whether a fat is present in a mixture of substances containing water | Sudan IV
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| What does a positive Sudan IV test look like? | Red layer on top/ red orange
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| What does a negative Sudan IV test look like ? | clear
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| Exactly what part of the protein molecule is identified by a biuret test? | the peptide bond
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| What is the function of the central vacuole in plants? | To store nutrients, water, salts, and other things not currently being used by the cell
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| Name two plastids and their function | Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll / green pigment and help carry out photosynthesis
Chromoplasts: Contain red/orange pigments
Leucoplasts: clear and store lipids and other clear substances
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| What are amyloplasts | A certain type of leucoplast that store starch
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| What is the function of the revolving nosepiece/turret on a compound microscope | to change the objective lens
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| In the lab on large biological molecules, water was one of the solutions used in the biochemical tests that we did. What was the purpose of the water? | To serve as a neutral substance
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| endocytosis | entering cell
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| exocytosis | leaving cell
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| Describe how [H+] relates both to the acidity and alkalinity of solutions | The more H+ ions, the more acidic a solution i
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| If a benedicts test results in an orange color what type of molecule is present | reducing sugar/ carbohydrate
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| If a lugol's test results in a black result what type of molecule is present | carbohydrate/starch
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| If a Sudan IV test results in a red layer on top, what type of molecule is present? | lipid
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| If a biuret test results in a a purple color what molecule is present | Protein /peptide bonds are present
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| You are working on an experiment in lab and you need to have a solution with an exact pH of 5.3. You have two possible methods for determining pH: pH paper or a pH meter, Which method would you use to determine and adjust pH and why? | A pH meter because it gives a more accurate result
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| What is cyclosis | cytoplasmic streaming // orderly movement of chloroplasts in cytoplasm
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| Why do slugs die when salted | a higher solute concentration on the outside of the slug creates a concentration gradient where water moves out of the slug rapidly, causing the slug's cells to rapidly dehydrate
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| Why is biuret reagent and not ninhydrin used to determine whether protein is present in the solution? | The biuret test tests for peptide bonds (proteins)
ninhydrin tests for free amino acids
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| Janus Green | visualize mitochondria
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| You are working in a lab and you need to examine the shape of the mouthparts of an insect that is 1 inch. in length. Which type of microscope would you use? | Dissecting scope
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| Which reagent visualizes mitochondria? | Janus green
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| One molecules reach a dynmic equilibrium on either side of a membrane they stop moving. true or false | false
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| What will happen if you place a plant cell in a beaker containing a hypertonic 30% NaCl solution? | plasmolysis
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| Plasmolysis | shrink and shrivel
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| cytolysis | swell and burst
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| List the scientific method | Ask a question, form a hypothesis, experiment, collect data, conclusion, repeat revise
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| What is the difference between resolving power and resolution? | Resolution is the ability to distinguish 2 points as separate and the resolving power is the power it is magnified at
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| What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol | Cytoplasm is contained by the plasma membrane and contains the insides of a cell, however cytosol is part of the cytoplasm that doesn't have an any organelles
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| Biology | study of life
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| Iris diaphram of microscope | adjusts amount of light striking object
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| nosepiece/turret | contains/rotates objective lenses
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| parfocal | in focus of one lens
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| resolving power | reveals detail
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| stereoscopic microscope | view large specimens
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| solution | homogeneous mixture of two solutions
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| solvent | liquid that dissolves the solute
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| solute | substance that dissolves
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| voltmeter | measures voltage difference between electrodes in an electrical circuit
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| sensing electrode | measures change in hydrogen concentration when acids or bases are added to a solution
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| reference electrode | what the sensing electrode is compared against
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| combination electrode | reference and sensing electrodes are housed within the same glass tube
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| 4 organic macromolecules | lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
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| What is used as a negative control when performing substance presence tests | water
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| Benedict's test tests for | reducing sugars
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| What must you do in a benedicts test? | Heat the solution
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| After heating the solution in a benedicts test, what is a positive result | positive = orange/rusty color
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| Lugol's iodine tests for | starch
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| what color does lugol's iodine change a solution if starch is present? | blue/black
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| Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophillic | hydrophobic
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| fats include | triglycerides, steroids, and phospholipids
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| are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temp? | solid
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| Nonpolar Sudan IV will appear as a | separate red layer and will not be present in polar portions
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| Amino acids are linked by | peptide bonds
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| What two tests can be used for proteins ? | ninhydrin test and biuret test
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| Ninhydrin tests for | free amino acids
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| biuret tests for | peptide bonds
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| What amino acid doesn't react with ninhydrin? | proline
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| failure to react with ninhydrin indicates | there are no free amino acids
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| Biuret tests test for presence of protein and peptide bonds, therefore this test is | qualitative, testing for presence ; cannot measure how much protein is present
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| When free amino acids react in a ninhydrin test, the solution changes to | purple color
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| What color is indicative of a protein in a biuret test? | purple
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| spectrophotometer | projects light through a solution and measures the amount of light transmitted through and amount of light absorbed by a solution
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| Prokaryotic cells lack | a nucelus and membrane enclosed organelles
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| Prokaryotic cells are part of Domains | Arachaea and Bacteria
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| all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are bound by a __________ ________________ | plasma membrane
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| cytoplasm is made up of | cytosol and organelles
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| cytosol is | liquid part of cell consisting of water and dissolved proteins
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| ribosomes are found in | all cells
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| ribosomes are resposnible for | protein synthesis
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| Plasmids function | protect bacteria in adverse environments by introducing antibiotic resistance or metabolized new nutrients
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| peptidoglycan | found only in bacteria; long polymers of sugar intersecting polypeptide chains of the cell wall
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| gram positive bacteria | have a thick peptidoglycan
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| gram negative bacteria | have a thin peptidoglycan
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| plasmodesmata | cytoplasmic strands transferring materials from one plant cell to another
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| middle lamella | thin sticky membrane that cements cell walls together (adjacent to eachother)
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| protoplast is the | living part of plant cell made up of nucleus and cytoplasm
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| anthocyanins | mineral salts, sugars, and plant pigments nonliving in cytosol
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| nucleus | control center
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| central vacuole | absorbs water and storage substances like anthocyanins
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| Most visible organelles are | plastids, a variety of vesicles
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| chlorplasts | store green pigment chlorphyll
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| chromoplasts | store orange/red pigments called carotenoids
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| leucoplasts | store lipids and other clear substances
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| amyloplasts | type of leucoplast that stores starch
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| cyclosis or cytoplasmic streaming | movement of chlorplasts in the cytoplasm
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| ________________ is commondly used to view plasmodesmata because of their thick cell walls | persimmon
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| nucleolus | produce small and large subunits of ribosomes
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| mitochondria | cellular respiration
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| Animals have 4 types of tissues: | epithelial , connective, muscle, and nervous
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| Methylene blue stains | nucleus blue
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| Red blood cells | erythrocytes : lack a nucleus; carry oxygen
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| white blood cells | leukocytes
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| lymphocytes | control cell mediated immunity
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| true or false platelets are not cells | true they are small sacs in blood that store clotting factors
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| three types of muscle cells | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| skeletal muscles are | long fibers with striations multinucleated
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| cardiac muscles are | branched cells 1-2 nuclei
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| smooth muscle is | spindle shaped 1 nucleus
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| neurons | numerous extensions called dendrites recieve incoming nervous impulses from the body
axon : propogates impulses away
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| neuroglia | don't conduct nerve impulses; maintain motor neurons
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| cyanobacteria are special bacteria because | they have a large size and conduct photosynthesis
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