Flash cards/test questions to help with that tough Cellular Reproduction exam
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| From where do new cells arise? | mitosis
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| Why does the body constantly make new cells? | because cells continue to live and die and they need to be replaced
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| Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell's DNA? | need a complete set of data in order to function properly
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| The original cell that divides is called what? | the parent cell
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| what are the two identical cells called formed from a parent cell called? | daughter cells
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| Copying DNA is known as what? | replication
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| What is the proper order cell cycle? (Hint=5 steps) | G1, S,G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
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| Explain in detail how cancerous cells have a way of replicating even through the cell cycle? | The proto-oncogenes mutate and the cells continue to divide in an uncontrollable way.
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| What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? | Synthesis
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| Which phase has 3 stages & name them | Interphase
G1, S, G2
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| Which phase has 4 stages & name them | Mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| Can the nucleus and nucleolus be seen during interphase? | yes
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| How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? | 46
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| Explain how full chromosomes develop. | Form when protein and DNA tightly coil around one another until they condense into a chromosome
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| Non-condensed chromosomes are called what? | DNA
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| What are duplicated(doubled) chromosomes called? | chromatids
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| What holds chromatids together? | centromere
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| be able to sketch and label all the parts of a chromosome |
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| Where are autosomes found on a pair? | the genes that are not located on a sex chromosome
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| Where are the sex chromosomes found on a pair? | 23
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| What is the genotype for males? For females? | Males=XY
Females=XX
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| The presence of which chromosome determines the sex of the child? | Y chromosome
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| In which type of cell does mitosis occur, explain why? | Eukaryote because prokaryotes do not have a nucleus to divide
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| What happens to the nucleus and the nucleolus during prophase. explain why | They condense into chromosomes to split so that the cell may be able to continue to divide properly without going through any harmful mutation.
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| know how to draw and label all parts of the cell in prophase |
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| What happens to chromosomes during metaphase? | they line up at the center of the cell
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| During metaphase where do the chromosomes line up? | at the center of the cell
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| What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase? | they are pulled apart towards opposite sides of the pole.
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| What pulls sister chromatids apart during anaphase? | spindle fibers and centrioles
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| Where are chromatids located during telophase? | polar ends
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| What reforms around each set of sister chromatids during telophase? | the nuclear membrane
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| Explain how cytokinesis occurs in animals and what exactly divides during cytokinesis? | A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the membrane into two cells so that the cell will be able to finish duplicating and form two new daughter cells.
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| How does the chromosomes number of the parent cell compare to that of the 2 daughter cells? How do the cells compare in size? | They are the same, both have 46 chromosomes. The two new daughter cells are much smaller than the original mother cell.
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| Describe what could possibly happen if mitosis is not controlled? | a cancerous tumor could form
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| Do chromosomes replicate or double before meiosis? | Replicate
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| How many divisions occur in meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain. | Meiosis goes through 2 divisions while mitosis only goes through 1.
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| The original cell that divides by meiosis is _____________ or 2n | diploid
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| How many daughter cells can be produced by meiosis> Is this the same as mitosis? | Meiosis ends with 4 daughter cells while mitosis ends in 2 daughter cells
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| What is the chromosome number of the daughter cells produced by meiosis? How does this compare to the number of chromosomes in the original cells | In the original cell there are 46 chromosomes but in the daughter cells there are 23 because its half of the original number
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| What are the daughter cells called that are produced by meiosis? Name them | Gametes
sperm and egg cells
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| Name the 2 types of meiosis | Meiosis I
Meiosis II
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| In humans how many chromosomes are in the original cells that undergoes meiosis? | 46
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| After one division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are the single or double stranded? | 23
double
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| After the second division how many chromosomes are in the cells, are they single or double stranded | 23
single
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| Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction? | sexual
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| Are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid | haploid
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| What process join the egg and sperm to restore the original chromosome # of the organism? | sexual reproduction or fertilization
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| ______________ _________________ are pairs of sister chromatids that have the same genes, but may have different alleles. | homologous chromosomes
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| When sperm fertilizes and egg, a 2n cells forms called the what? | zygote
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| In order name the stages of Meiosis I | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
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| Name two events that occur in Prophase I | -crossing over
-chromosomes further condensing
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| Crossing over results in genetic ____________ in the offspring | variation
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| What even occurs during Metaphase I | homologous chromosomes move to the center of the cell
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| Name 2 events that occur in Anaphase 1 | -homologous chromosomes separate
-set of chromosomes move to each pole
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| Name 3 event that occur in Telophase I | -cells begin to cleave
-spindle fibers disappear
-2 sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of poles
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| In order, name the stages in Meiosis II | Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
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| What happens in prophase II | spindle forms around the chromosomes
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| What is the difference between Telophase I and Telophase II | TI~ spindle fibers disappear as the cell begins to cleave
TII~ nuclear envelop forms around each set of chromosomes
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| Where are the sister chromatids in Metaphase II? | lined up at the center & spindle fibers attach
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| What happened to the sister chromatids during Anaphase II? | chromatids split to opposite ends of the pole.
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| Meiosis results in _______ haploid cells called __________ | 4
gametes
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| spermatogenesis
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| Gametogenesis that produces egg cells is called what? | oogenesis
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| How many haploid cells after oogenesis will become an egg cell? | 1
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| Explain why not all 4 haploid cells will survive at the end of oogenesis? | 1 of the 4 eggs cells takes most of the cytoplasm and nutrients. The cell then grows while the other 3 eventually die off
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