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CellularReproduction
Flash cards/test questions to help with that tough Cellular Reproduction exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| From where do new cells arise? | mitosis |
| Why does the body constantly make new cells? | because cells continue to live and die and they need to be replaced |
| Why must each new cell get a complete copy of the original cell's DNA? | need a complete set of data in order to function properly |
| The original cell that divides is called what? | the parent cell |
| what are the two identical cells called formed from a parent cell called? | daughter cells |
| Copying DNA is known as what? | replication |
| What is the proper order cell cycle? (Hint=5 steps) | G1, S,G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis |
| Explain in detail how cancerous cells have a way of replicating even through the cell cycle? | The proto-oncogenes mutate and the cells continue to divide in an uncontrollable way. |
| What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? | Synthesis |
| Which phase has 3 stages & name them | Interphase G1, S, G2 |
| Which phase has 4 stages & name them | Mitosis Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Can the nucleus and nucleolus be seen during interphase? | yes |
| How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? | 46 |
| Explain how full chromosomes develop. | Form when protein and DNA tightly coil around one another until they condense into a chromosome |
| Non-condensed chromosomes are called what? | DNA |
| What are duplicated(doubled) chromosomes called? | chromatids |
| What holds chromatids together? | centromere |
| be able to sketch and label all the parts of a chromosome | |
| Where are autosomes found on a pair? | the genes that are not located on a sex chromosome |
| Where are the sex chromosomes found on a pair? | 23 |
| What is the genotype for males? For females? | Males=XY Females=XX |
| The presence of which chromosome determines the sex of the child? | Y chromosome |
| In which type of cell does mitosis occur, explain why? | Eukaryote because prokaryotes do not have a nucleus to divide |
| What happens to the nucleus and the nucleolus during prophase. explain why | They condense into chromosomes to split so that the cell may be able to continue to divide properly without going through any harmful mutation. |
| know how to draw and label all parts of the cell in prophase | |
| What happens to chromosomes during metaphase? | they line up at the center of the cell |
| During metaphase where do the chromosomes line up? | at the center of the cell |
| What happens to sister chromatids during anaphase? | they are pulled apart towards opposite sides of the pole. |
| What pulls sister chromatids apart during anaphase? | spindle fibers and centrioles |
| Where are chromatids located during telophase? | polar ends |
| What reforms around each set of sister chromatids during telophase? | the nuclear membrane |
| Explain how cytokinesis occurs in animals and what exactly divides during cytokinesis? | A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the membrane into two cells so that the cell will be able to finish duplicating and form two new daughter cells. |
| How does the chromosomes number of the parent cell compare to that of the 2 daughter cells? How do the cells compare in size? | They are the same, both have 46 chromosomes. The two new daughter cells are much smaller than the original mother cell. |
| Describe what could possibly happen if mitosis is not controlled? | a cancerous tumor could form |
| Do chromosomes replicate or double before meiosis? | Replicate |
| How many divisions occur in meiosis? Is this the same as mitosis? Explain. | Meiosis goes through 2 divisions while mitosis only goes through 1. |
| The original cell that divides by meiosis is _____________ or 2n | diploid |
| How many daughter cells can be produced by meiosis> Is this the same as mitosis? | Meiosis ends with 4 daughter cells while mitosis ends in 2 daughter cells |
| What is the chromosome number of the daughter cells produced by meiosis? How does this compare to the number of chromosomes in the original cells | In the original cell there are 46 chromosomes but in the daughter cells there are 23 because its half of the original number |
| What are the daughter cells called that are produced by meiosis? Name them | Gametes sperm and egg cells |
| Name the 2 types of meiosis | Meiosis I Meiosis II |
| In humans how many chromosomes are in the original cells that undergoes meiosis? | 46 |
| After one division, how many chromosomes are in the cells? Are the single or double stranded? | 23 double |
| After the second division how many chromosomes are in the cells, are they single or double stranded | 23 single |
| Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction? | sexual |
| Are eggs and sperm haploid or diploid | haploid |
| What process join the egg and sperm to restore the original chromosome # of the organism? | sexual reproduction or fertilization |
| ______________ _________________ are pairs of sister chromatids that have the same genes, but may have different alleles. | homologous chromosomes |
| When sperm fertilizes and egg, a 2n cells forms called the what? | zygote |
| In order name the stages of Meiosis I | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I |
| Name two events that occur in Prophase I | -crossing over -chromosomes further condensing |
| Crossing over results in genetic ____________ in the offspring | variation |
| What even occurs during Metaphase I | homologous chromosomes move to the center of the cell |
| Name 2 events that occur in Anaphase 1 | -homologous chromosomes separate -set of chromosomes move to each pole |
| Name 3 event that occur in Telophase I | -cells begin to cleave -spindle fibers disappear -2 sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of poles |
| In order, name the stages in Meiosis II | Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
| What happens in prophase II | spindle forms around the chromosomes |
| What is the difference between Telophase I and Telophase II | TI~ spindle fibers disappear as the cell begins to cleave TII~ nuclear envelop forms around each set of chromosomes |
| Where are the sister chromatids in Metaphase II? | lined up at the center & spindle fibers attach |
| What happened to the sister chromatids during Anaphase II? | chromatids split to opposite ends of the pole. |
| Meiosis results in _______ haploid cells called __________ | 4 gametes |
| spermatogenesis | |
| Gametogenesis that produces egg cells is called what? | oogenesis |
| How many haploid cells after oogenesis will become an egg cell? | 1 |
| Explain why not all 4 haploid cells will survive at the end of oogenesis? | 1 of the 4 eggs cells takes most of the cytoplasm and nutrients. The cell then grows while the other 3 eventually die off |
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Tae_Tae
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