immunology 1-8 rev.
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| how are eos involved in the immune response? | parasites that can be phagocytized
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| which of the components of both innate and adaptive immune responses? | macrophages
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| list characteristics of natural killer cells | type of lymph
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| describe diapedesis | movement through blood vessel walls
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| the most effective phagocytic and antigen presenting cell is | dendritic cell
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| which cells are considered part of the natural immunity? | eos, monos, neu.
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| wbc that is 16 to 18 micrometers indiameter, has a horseshoe-shape nucleus, and is capable of phagocytosis is a: | monocyte
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| Antibodies are secreted by | Plasma cells
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| Characteristic of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue | Tonsils and appendix
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| The function of NK cells is | Kill target cells
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| Characteristics of a lymph node | Filters interstial fluid, colonized w/T&B cells, between 1-25 mm in size
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| What are considered part of natural immunity? | Eos, acute-phase reactants, neutrophils
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| Macrophages that migrate to the liver are called? | Kupffer cells
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| Which type of cell has a diameter between 10 and 15 micrometers, has a multi-lobed nucleus, and usually comprises more than 50% of circulating leukocytes? | Neutrophils
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| T cells are mainly concentrated in which region of the lymph nodes? | Paracortex
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| A primary site of antigen trapping and presentation to immune cells is | The spleen
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| T cells mature in | Thymus
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| B cells that are actively responding to antigen can be found in | Germinal centers
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| Describe lymph nodes | Concentrated where the appendages join the thorax of the body
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| Characteristic of opsonins | Molecules that coat bacteria making them subspectible to phagocytosis
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| Cluster of differentiation refers to | A category of cell surface proteins used to identify cell types
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| An antigenic determinant is also called | Epitope
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| A 50-kDa protein from a bacterial cell that has numerous different epitope so would be called: | Immunogen and antigen
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| White cell in the peripheral blood that migrates into tissue to become a macrophage is | Monocyte
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| The best immunogen is | Protein
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| A low-molecule-weight molecule that has one binding site for an antibody is | Hapten
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| To what kind of peptides do Class II molecules bind? | Process exogenous
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| MHC molecules containing beta-2-microglobulin | Determined by MHC-A,B,C
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| The purpose of the invariant chain is to block the peptide-binding site of | Class II MHC molecules
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| A processed antigen first encounters and binds to MHC class II molecules in the | Endosomal compartment
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| Endogenous peptides binding to MHC-A, MHC-B, MHC-C molecules on the surface of hepatocytes are critical for the response by | Cytotoxic cells
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| Which is likely to be the most immunogenic? | A protein that weighs 45,000 daltans
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| Antigens found in different species that trigger a similar antibody response are called | Heterophile antigen
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| The ability to respond to antigen depends on | Age, nutrition, genetics
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| A bacterial antigen to which the human immune system responds would be classified as | Heteroantigen
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| Describe the finding of Landsteiner's study of haptens | Spatial configuration is recognized by antibodies
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| A determinant site on an antigen that is produced by the folding of the primary chain is known as | Conformational epitope
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| What causes a reaction of poison ivy? | Hapten complexing with a tissue protein
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| A substance used to enhance antibody formation is called | Adjuvant
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| MHC class I antigens are recognized by which cells? | CD8 and T cells
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| The antigens that bind MHC class II antigens are first "processed" by | Enzymes in the endosome
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| Characteristics of heterophile antigens include | Found in unrelated plants & animals but cross react w/same antibody
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| MHC class I protein is found on: | All nucleated cells
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| T cells are capable of recognizing | Degraded peptides
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| List acute-phase proteins | Serum amyloid A
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| What is directly used in oxidative killing of target cells? | Hydrogen peroxide
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| What do macrophages use to kill bacteria? | Peroxide, lysosome,hydroxyl radical
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| Characteristic of circulating neutrophils? | Membrane express pathogen recognition receptors
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| The phagosome of a macrophage is a membrane-bond vessel that contains | Ingested pathogens
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| Oxidative killing involves | Hexosemonophosphate shunt
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| What occurs during the oxidative burst? | Pseudopadia extending around a particle
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| What is part of the external defense system? | Skin
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| Which substance best inactivates bacterial proteins? | Hypochloride
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| Function of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin | Binds hemaglobin
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| The internal defense system includes | Acute phase reactant
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| Describe what occurs in process of phagocytosis | Formation of a phagosome, hypchloride radical, fusion of lysosome phagosome
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| What are considered acute-phase reactants | Fibrinogen complement, CRP
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| Natural killer cells recognize and kill abnormal host cells that | Lack MHC 1 molecule
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| The killing mechanism of natural killer cells is regulated by | Both inhibitory & activating receptors
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| Toll-like receptors bind to: | Pathogen associated molecular patterns
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| Patients with chronic granulomatous disease have neutrophils that cannot kill bacteria because | They do not produce superoxide
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| Name enzyme that protects host cells rather than destroying invading cells | A-1 anti trypcin
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| Toll-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors are examples of: | Pathogen recognize receptors
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| After a macrophage phagocytizes, kills, and digest a microbe | Some microbial peptides are bond by MHC class II
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| C-reactive protein, complement components, and antibodies are | Opsonins
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| Proteins that form channels in target cell membranes are called | Perforins
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| Oxygen-independent bacterial killing in the phagolysosome involves | Ph activated defensins
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| A cell that can recall previous contact with a particular antigen so that subsequent exposure leads to a more rapid and more effective immune response than the first encounter is which type of cell? | Memory lymphocyte
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| Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements occur in which stage of B-cell development? | Pro B cell
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| Antigen-independent differentiation of B cells occurs in | Bone marrow
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| Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response | B cells
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| The only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigenic determinants are | Lymphs
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| T helper cells recognize | Exogenous peptides bound to class II MHC
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| Similarities between cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells | Both induce apoptosis in the target cells
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| T-cell surface protein associated with the T-cell receptor and involved in signal transduction is | CD3
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| Cytotoxic T cells are the primary immune response against | Viruses
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| The purpose or end result of negative selection of the T cell is | Self tolerance
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| A T cell that is rarely found in secondary lymphoid organs and recognizes a limited number of native epitopes is known as: | Gamma delta T cell
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| T cells differ from B cells in what way? | B express CD19 not CD3
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| Which marker would be found on pre-B cells? | Mu heavy chains
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| A plasma cell differs from a B cell in which way? | Only plasma cells circulating antibody
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| The function of CD4+T cells is | To help B cells make antibody
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| Cells responsible for killing virally infected host cells and tumor cells | CD8, T cells
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| Helper T cells that promote a humoral immune response include | Th2
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| Region of the immunoglobulin molecule that can bind antigen | FAB
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| Immunoglobulin that appears first in the primary response | IgM
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| Characteristic of IgG | Immunity for newborns
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| Immunoglobulin that appears in the highest titer in the secondary response is | IgG
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| The antigen specificity of a B cell is determined | By H and L chains variable region sequences
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| Immunoglobulin that is found in only trace amounts in the serum | IgD
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| Variations in immunoglobulin structure that occur because of the use of different constant region domains are known as: | Isotypes
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| Characteristic of IgM | Larger, and excels at complement fixation
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| Which pairs represent light chains of antibody molecules? | Lambda & kappa
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| The region of an antibody molecule that exhibits the greatest variability from antibody to antibody is known as | Hyper variable region
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| IgD is produced by | Differential splicing of the RNA transcript
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| Immunoglobulins are grouped into classes on the basis of similarities in: | Heavy chains
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| Bence-Jones proteins are identical to | L chains
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| Class that makes up 70% to 80% of total serum immunoglobulins | IgG
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| Immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgD represent | Isotypes
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| A Fab fragment consists of | 1 light chain, 1/2 heavy chain
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| Immunoglobulin that causes allergic reactions as a result of release of histamine from mast cells | IgE
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| Which protein group migrates the fastest in serum electrophoresis conducted at pH 8.6? | Albumin
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| The antibody found on B cells that is thought to be involved in B cell maturation is | IgD
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| Which band contains the immunoglobulin in serum protein electrophoresis? | Gamma
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| Which antibody is found mainly as a dimmer in mucosal secretions? | IgA
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| IgG subclasses differ from one another in | The number and position of disulfide bonds
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| IL-2 is synthesized by | T-cells
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| The primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is to promote | Hematopesis
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| Cytokines that is involved in natural immunity is | Interleukin 6 (IL-6)
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| Erythropoietin regulates | Bone marrow cell differentiation
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