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immunology 1-8 rev.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how are eos involved in the immune response? | parasites that can be phagocytized |
| which of the components of both innate and adaptive immune responses? | macrophages |
| list characteristics of natural killer cells | type of lymph |
| describe diapedesis | movement through blood vessel walls |
| the most effective phagocytic and antigen presenting cell is | dendritic cell |
| which cells are considered part of the natural immunity? | eos, monos, neu. |
| wbc that is 16 to 18 micrometers indiameter, has a horseshoe-shape nucleus, and is capable of phagocytosis is a: | monocyte |
| Antibodies are secreted by | Plasma cells |
| Characteristic of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue | Tonsils and appendix |
| The function of NK cells is | Kill target cells |
| Characteristics of a lymph node | Filters interstial fluid, colonized w/T&B cells, between 1-25 mm in size |
| What are considered part of natural immunity? | Eos, acute-phase reactants, neutrophils |
| Macrophages that migrate to the liver are called? | Kupffer cells |
| Which type of cell has a diameter between 10 and 15 micrometers, has a multi-lobed nucleus, and usually comprises more than 50% of circulating leukocytes? | Neutrophils |
| T cells are mainly concentrated in which region of the lymph nodes? | Paracortex |
| A primary site of antigen trapping and presentation to immune cells is | The spleen |
| T cells mature in | Thymus |
| B cells that are actively responding to antigen can be found in | Germinal centers |
| Describe lymph nodes | Concentrated where the appendages join the thorax of the body |
| Characteristic of opsonins | Molecules that coat bacteria making them subspectible to phagocytosis |
| Cluster of differentiation refers to | A category of cell surface proteins used to identify cell types |
| An antigenic determinant is also called | Epitope |
| A 50-kDa protein from a bacterial cell that has numerous different epitope so would be called: | Immunogen and antigen |
| White cell in the peripheral blood that migrates into tissue to become a macrophage is | Monocyte |
| The best immunogen is | Protein |
| A low-molecule-weight molecule that has one binding site for an antibody is | Hapten |
| To what kind of peptides do Class II molecules bind? | Process exogenous |
| MHC molecules containing beta-2-microglobulin | Determined by MHC-A,B,C |
| The purpose of the invariant chain is to block the peptide-binding site of | Class II MHC molecules |
| A processed antigen first encounters and binds to MHC class II molecules in the | Endosomal compartment |
| Endogenous peptides binding to MHC-A, MHC-B, MHC-C molecules on the surface of hepatocytes are critical for the response by | Cytotoxic cells |
| Which is likely to be the most immunogenic? | A protein that weighs 45,000 daltans |
| Antigens found in different species that trigger a similar antibody response are called | Heterophile antigen |
| The ability to respond to antigen depends on | Age, nutrition, genetics |
| A bacterial antigen to which the human immune system responds would be classified as | Heteroantigen |
| Describe the finding of Landsteiner's study of haptens | Spatial configuration is recognized by antibodies |
| A determinant site on an antigen that is produced by the folding of the primary chain is known as | Conformational epitope |
| What causes a reaction of poison ivy? | Hapten complexing with a tissue protein |
| A substance used to enhance antibody formation is called | Adjuvant |
| MHC class I antigens are recognized by which cells? | CD8 and T cells |
| The antigens that bind MHC class II antigens are first "processed" by | Enzymes in the endosome |
| Characteristics of heterophile antigens include | Found in unrelated plants & animals but cross react w/same antibody |
| MHC class I protein is found on: | All nucleated cells |
| T cells are capable of recognizing | Degraded peptides |
| List acute-phase proteins | Serum amyloid A |
| What is directly used in oxidative killing of target cells? | Hydrogen peroxide |
| What do macrophages use to kill bacteria? | Peroxide, lysosome,hydroxyl radical |
| Characteristic of circulating neutrophils? | Membrane express pathogen recognition receptors |
| The phagosome of a macrophage is a membrane-bond vessel that contains | Ingested pathogens |
| Oxidative killing involves | Hexosemonophosphate shunt |
| What occurs during the oxidative burst? | Pseudopadia extending around a particle |
| What is part of the external defense system? | Skin |
| Which substance best inactivates bacterial proteins? | Hypochloride |
| Function of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin | Binds hemaglobin |
| The internal defense system includes | Acute phase reactant |
| Describe what occurs in process of phagocytosis | Formation of a phagosome, hypchloride radical, fusion of lysosome phagosome |
| What are considered acute-phase reactants | Fibrinogen complement, CRP |
| Natural killer cells recognize and kill abnormal host cells that | Lack MHC 1 molecule |
| The killing mechanism of natural killer cells is regulated by | Both inhibitory & activating receptors |
| Toll-like receptors bind to: | Pathogen associated molecular patterns |
| Patients with chronic granulomatous disease have neutrophils that cannot kill bacteria because | They do not produce superoxide |
| Name enzyme that protects host cells rather than destroying invading cells | A-1 anti trypcin |
| Toll-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors are examples of: | Pathogen recognize receptors |
| After a macrophage phagocytizes, kills, and digest a microbe | Some microbial peptides are bond by MHC class II |
| C-reactive protein, complement components, and antibodies are | Opsonins |
| Proteins that form channels in target cell membranes are called | Perforins |
| Oxygen-independent bacterial killing in the phagolysosome involves | Ph activated defensins |
| A cell that can recall previous contact with a particular antigen so that subsequent exposure leads to a more rapid and more effective immune response than the first encounter is which type of cell? | Memory lymphocyte |
| Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements occur in which stage of B-cell development? | Pro B cell |
| Antigen-independent differentiation of B cells occurs in | Bone marrow |
| Predominant cell types involved in the humoral immune response | B cells |
| The only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigenic determinants are | Lymphs |
| T helper cells recognize | Exogenous peptides bound to class II MHC |
| Similarities between cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells | Both induce apoptosis in the target cells |
| T-cell surface protein associated with the T-cell receptor and involved in signal transduction is | CD3 |
| Cytotoxic T cells are the primary immune response against | Viruses |
| The purpose or end result of negative selection of the T cell is | Self tolerance |
| A T cell that is rarely found in secondary lymphoid organs and recognizes a limited number of native epitopes is known as: | Gamma delta T cell |
| T cells differ from B cells in what way? | B express CD19 not CD3 |
| Which marker would be found on pre-B cells? | Mu heavy chains |
| A plasma cell differs from a B cell in which way? | Only plasma cells circulating antibody |
| The function of CD4+T cells is | To help B cells make antibody |
| Cells responsible for killing virally infected host cells and tumor cells | CD8, T cells |
| Helper T cells that promote a humoral immune response include | Th2 |
| Region of the immunoglobulin molecule that can bind antigen | FAB |
| Immunoglobulin that appears first in the primary response | IgM |
| Characteristic of IgG | Immunity for newborns |
| Immunoglobulin that appears in the highest titer in the secondary response is | IgG |
| The antigen specificity of a B cell is determined | By H and L chains variable region sequences |
| Immunoglobulin that is found in only trace amounts in the serum | IgD |
| Variations in immunoglobulin structure that occur because of the use of different constant region domains are known as: | Isotypes |
| Characteristic of IgM | Larger, and excels at complement fixation |
| Which pairs represent light chains of antibody molecules? | Lambda & kappa |
| The region of an antibody molecule that exhibits the greatest variability from antibody to antibody is known as | Hyper variable region |
| IgD is produced by | Differential splicing of the RNA transcript |
| Immunoglobulins are grouped into classes on the basis of similarities in: | Heavy chains |
| Bence-Jones proteins are identical to | L chains |
| Class that makes up 70% to 80% of total serum immunoglobulins | IgG |
| Immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgD represent | Isotypes |
| A Fab fragment consists of | 1 light chain, 1/2 heavy chain |
| Immunoglobulin that causes allergic reactions as a result of release of histamine from mast cells | IgE |
| Which protein group migrates the fastest in serum electrophoresis conducted at pH 8.6? | Albumin |
| The antibody found on B cells that is thought to be involved in B cell maturation is | IgD |
| Which band contains the immunoglobulin in serum protein electrophoresis? | Gamma |
| Which antibody is found mainly as a dimmer in mucosal secretions? | IgA |
| IgG subclasses differ from one another in | The number and position of disulfide bonds |
| IL-2 is synthesized by | T-cells |
| The primary function of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is to promote | Hematopesis |
| Cytokines that is involved in natural immunity is | Interleukin 6 (IL-6) |
| Erythropoietin regulates | Bone marrow cell differentiation |
Created by:
Mtc