module 5
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| Mollusca | this phylumsmembers are commonly called mollusks
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| mollusks | has more representative species in the ocean than any other group, includes clams, abalone, cone shells, squid, and octopuses
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| shell | most mollusks have a bilaterally symmetric soft body protected by this made of calcium carbonate
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| mantle | a sheath of tissue surrounding the organs of a mollusk, producing the mollusk's shell and performing respiration
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| foot | many mollusks use a large, muscular this for locomotion, anchoring, or obtaining food
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| gills | Mollusks have these for exchanging gases with the surrounding water, a digestive tract, and a somewhat complex nervous system
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| radula | an organ covered with hundreds of small teeth, used for scraping food into the mouths of mollusks
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| Gastropoda | this class contains the organisms commonly known as snails
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| operculum | many snails have a horny plate, called this, that forms a lid over the opening of the shell when the head and foot are pulled inside and keeping predators from getting inside the shell and moisture from getting out
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| nudibranchs | have no shell at all
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| Bivalvia | this class is made up of organisms such as mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops
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| siphons | structures in a bivalve which are formed when the mantle is fused around inhalant and exhalant openings
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| byssal threads | mussels have strong filaments called this that are used to attach themselves to rocks
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| Cephalopoda | the members of this class are members such as the squid, octopus, cuttlefish, and nautilus
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| chromatophores | these can rapidly change the animals' color to match their surroundings
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| mantle cavity | moves over the gills of Cephalopoda's
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| chitin | a derivative of carbohydrates that provides both flexibility and support
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| Architeuthis | this genus is the giant squid that are greater than 15 meters in length with eyes the size would be larger than dinner plates
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| chitons | usually live on rocky shores and graze on algae
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| Polyplacophora | have eight armored plates protecting their flattened oval shape
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| tusk shells | are found buried in the sediments of deep water, feeding on microscopic organisms
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| Scaphopoda | looks like an elephant tusk with openings on both the broad and pointed ends
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| open circulatory system | a circulatory system in which blood flows out of the blood vessels and into body cavities, where it comes in direct contact with cells
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| closed circulatory system | a circulatory system in which the blood always remains in vessels
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| hermaphroditic | means that each individual can produce both male and female gametes
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| trochophore | the larva of polychaetes are called this
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| veliger | the larva's tiny shell is called this
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| Arthropoda | the members in this Phylum are shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, and crabs
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| exoskeleton | provides body support from the outside of the animal
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| chitin | a tough, flexible material that the endoskeletton is made of
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| molting | the process of shedding an exoskeleton and replacing it with a new one
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| Crustacea | members in this group are shrimp, crabs, and lobsters, and are called the "insects" of the sea
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| copepods | some filter the water for their food, others capture prey, and still others are parasitic., the planktonic species have an enlarged set of antennae that helps them to stay afloat in the water
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| Barnacles | commonly mistaken for mollusks because they have calcium plates surrounding their bodies, but they are true crustaceans
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| amphipods and isopods | are slightly larger than 1 centimeter in length, these generally have laterally compressed bodies while these have ventrally flattened bodies
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| krill | are a little larger than the amphipods and isopods, growing to about 5 centimeters, they are planktonic organisms that resemble shrimp, most filter feeders, eating other plankton
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| head, thorax, and abdomen | arthropods typically have these three body segments
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| cephalothorax | the anterior part of an arthropod body, consisting of a head and other body segments fused together
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| carapace | an armored shield that covers the anterior portion of crustaceans
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| Decapoda | meaning “10 legs,” have five pairs of legs for walking, the first pair is usually larger and has claws for obtaining food and for defense
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| abdomen | the last body part on Decapoda that is incorrectly called the “tail” by seafood lovers
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| shrimp and lobsters | have a long abdomen, and many live on the ocean bottoms where they scavenge for leftover bits of food
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| Hermit crabs | are not really crabs, fit their elongated soft abdomens into abandoned gastropod shells
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| Crabs | have a small abdomen that is folded under their larger, usually rounded cephalothorax
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| maxillipeds | shrimp and crabs, have appendages near their mouths called
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| compound eyes | these made up of thousands of light-sensitive receptors
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| nauplius | these are larvae of the copepods and the barnacles
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| Pycnogonida | are more commonly called sea spiders
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| Insecta | true insects in the sea are found in this class
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| Merostomata | are known as the horseshoe crabs, although they are not true crabs
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| Echinodermata | members are sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars
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| echinoderms | sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars are called
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| pentamerous | have no head, dorsal, or ventral sides, we refer to these animals as having oral and aboral sides
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| endoskeleton | developing from the internal tissues of the animal
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| water vascular system | a network of water-filled canals in echinoderms, used for locomotion and feeding
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| tube feet | are tiny extensions of the canals that, when filled with water, extend for locomotion, as well as sensory, respiratory, and excretory duties
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| madreporite | the water vascular system connects to the outside via this on the aboral surface, this phenomenal arrangement behaves like the hydraulic system in a bulldozer
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| Asteroidea | most commonly recognized echinoderms are the sea stars
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| sea stars | another name for starfish
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| ambulacral groove | a channel along the oral surface of echinoderms through which the tube feet protrude
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| evert | push out of the body
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| Ophiuroidea | are known as the brittle stars
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| brittle stars | are smaller than most other echinoderms and are found on rocky bottoms and coral reefs
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| Echinoidea | includes the sea urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars
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| sea urchins | resembles a ball with many spines protruding from it
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| sea biscuits, and sand dollars | have a round, flattened endoskeleton with many smaller spines and tube feet
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| Aristotle's lantern | the sea urchin's mouth is made up of a very powerful system of muscles and five teeth called this some species of sea urchins can actually bore into rock or coral with it
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| Holothuroidea | commonly known as the sea cucumbers
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| sea cucumbers | their bodies are sausage-shaped, and they do not have notable radial symmetry, and have a patchy endoskeleton made up of tiny calcareous spicules scattered throughout their skin, and have five rows of tube feet extending along their bodies
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| eviscerate | a sea cucumber will do this that means it will release its insides to distract a predator
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| Crinoidea | includes animals more commonly called feather stars and sea lilies
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| feather stars | move around both shallow and deep waters, crawling over rocks and coral
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| sea lilies | are found in deep water, where they are attached to the bottom
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| coelomic fluid | transports nutrients and gases throughout echinoderms bodies
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| Chordata | a very diverse group ranging from tiny gelatinous zooplankton to large fishes and whales
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| chordates | share a few main characteristics at some stage of their lives one characteristic is the presence of a supportive notochord
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| notochord | a flexible supportive rod that runs the length of the body of the chordates
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| dorsal nerve cord | a long bundle of nerve cells located along the dorsal part of an organism's body
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| pharyngeal pouches | develop openings that allow water to flow over the gills located inside the pouches
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| Urochordata | is entirely marine, and its members are commonly called tunicates, because as adults, the animals cover themselves with a leather-like “tunic”
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| tunicates | more common individuals are the sea squirts and the ascidians
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| the sea squirts and the ascidians | are attached to a soft substrate, and are often mistaken for sponges due to their rounded appearance
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| tadpole larva | in its larval stage, the sea squirt resembles a tadpole and is therefore called this
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| salps | are shaped like tiny barrels, with a siphon on the anterior end and a siphon at the posterior end
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| Cephalochordata | consists of less than 30 species, and are shaped much like a fish
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| lancelets | Cephalochordata are commonly called
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| oral cirri | cleans water of large, indigestible debris
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| atrial cavity | the food particles in the water are trapped in the slits, and the water flows out into here
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| atriopore | the water then leaving the body through this
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